Yuav ua li cas yog cov uas qaug zog sis nyob rau hauv physics?

Cov tsis muaj zog sis - yog ib qhov ntawm plaub yuav tsum muaj rog uas kav tag nrho cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub ntug. Tus lwm yam peb - gravitation, electromagnetism, thiab tus muaj zog sis. Thaum lwm cov rog tuav tej yam ua ke, cov uas qaug zog quab yuam plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev puas tsuaj.

Cov tsis muaj zog sis yog tus muaj zog lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, tab sis nws yog zoo tsuas yog nyob rau heev luv luv mus. Force ua rau lub qib subatomic lawm, thiab ua ib tug tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kom lub zog ntawm cov hnub qub thiab tsim ntsiab. Nws tseem yog lub luag hauj lwm rau ib tug loj ib feem ntawm lub ntuj tawg nyob rau hauv lub ntug.

Fermi kev tshawb xav

Italian physicist Enrico Fermi nyob rau hauv 1933, tsim ib tug kev tshawb xav piav qhia txog lub beta lwj - tus txheej txheem ntawm hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm ib tug neutron rau hauv ib lub proton thiab electron ib tug xaav, feem ntau xa mus rau hauv qhov ntsiab lus teb, lub beta particle. Nws txhais tau hais tias ib yam tshiab ntawm lub hwj chim, lub thiaj-hu ua tsis muaj zog sis, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub cev qhuav dej, yuav tsum muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm transformation ntawm ib tug neutron rau hauv ib lub proton, ib tug electron thiab ib tug neutrino, uas tom qab qhia raws li antineutrinos.

Fermi chiv lam xav hais tias muaj yog ib tug deb ntawm xoom thiab cov Clutch. Ob tug hais tau adjoin mus yuam ua hauj lwm. Txij li thaum nws tau los ua tseeb hais tias cov tsis muaj zog sis yog ib qho txaus nyiam kev quab yuam, uas manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis tshua luv luv deb, sib npaug zos rau 0.1% ntawm ib tug proton txoj kab uas hla.

electroweak quab yuam

Cov neeg lwj ntawm cov uas qaug zog quab yuam yog hais txog 100 000 lub sij hawm me me tshaj lub electromagnetic. Txawm li cas los, nws yog tam sim no lub npe hu hais tias nws yog hauv electromagnetic, thiab cov ob nyias txawv phenomena yog ntseeg los sawv cev rau ib tug manifestation ntawm ib electroweak quab yuam. Qhov no yog paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm lub fact tias lawv tuaj ua ke nyob rau energies ntau tshaj 100 GeV.

Nws yog tej zaum kuj hais tias cov uas qaug zog sis yog manifested nyob rau hauv lub lwj ntawm molecules. Txawm li cas los mezhmolekulrnye rog yog electrostatic tsuag. Lawv nrhiav tau los ntawm Van ua dawb Waals thiab ua tim nws lub npe.

Tus txheem qauv

Cov tsis muaj zog sis nyob rau hauv physics yog ib feem ntawm tus txheej txheem qauv - elementary particle kev tshawb xav, uas qhia txog qhov siv cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem, uas yog siv ib tug txheej ntawm elegant sib npaug. Raws li cov qauv no lub elementary hais m. E. Qhov ntawd yuav tsis raug faib mus rau hauv me me qhov chaw, yog cov building blocks ntawm lub ntug.

Ib tug xws li particle yog Quark. Zaum tsis hais lub hav zoov ntawm ib yam dab tsi me me, tab sis lawv tseem tab tom nrhiav rau. Muaj 6 yam los yog ntau yam ntawm quarks. Muab lawv nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim ntawm ua loj:

• sab sauv;
• qis;
• lub teb chaws;
• enchanted;
• zoo ntxim nyiam kawg;
• muaj tseeb tiag.

Nyob rau hauv ntau ob peb ua ke, lawv tsim ib tug ntau yam ntawm hom ntawm subatomic hais. Piv txwv li, protons thiab neutrons - loj hais atomic nucleus - Quark muaj peb txhua tus. Ob tug sab sauv thiab sab comprise proton. Upper thiab qis ob tsim ib neutron. Quark qib hloov yuav hloov proton mus rau ib tug neutron, li no transforming ib lub caij mus rau lwm lub.

Lwm hom particle yog ib tug boson. Cov hais - vectors sis, uas muaj xws li kab teeb ntawm lub zog. Photons yog ib hom ntawm boson, gluons - rau lwm yam. Txhua yam ntawm cov plaub rog yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm kev pauv kev sis raug zoo ntawm muaj. Muaj zog sis yog gluon thiab electromagnetic - photon. Graviton raws yog ib cov cab kuj los ntawm tus quab yuam ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, tab sis nws twb tsis pom.

W-thiab Z-bosons

Tsis muaj zog sis yog kho hom haum xeeb W-thiab Z-bosons. Cov hais tau kwv yees los ntawm Nobel laureates Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow Abdus Salam thiab nyob rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, thiab pom lawv nyob rau hauv 1983 nyob rau European Organization rau Nuclear kev tshawb fawb CERN.

W-bosons yog electrically them thiab yog denoted los ntawm W ⁺ (zoo them) thiab W ^- (negatively them). W-boson alters nyob tus yeees ntawm tus hais. Emitting electrically them W-boson, Quark tsis muaj zog quab yuam hloov qib, xa ib proton rau hauv ib lub neutron los yog vice versa. Qhov no yog dab tsi ua rau nuclear fusion thiab ua rau cov hnub qub hlawv.

Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim hnyav zog hais tias nws thiaj li ntiab tawm mus rau hauv qhov chaw los ntawm supernova explosions, los ua ib lub tsev blocks ntawm planets, nroj tsuag, tib neeg thiab txhua tsav txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

nruab nrab tam sim no

Z-boson yog nruab nrab thiab muaj ib tug tsis muaj zog nruab nrab tam sim no. Nws sis raug zoo nrog tus hais yog ib qhov nyuaj rau ntes. Seb tshawb rau cov W-thiab Z-bosons nyob rau hauv lub mus txog 1960 coj zaum cov kev tshawb xav, sib txuas lub electromagnetic thiab cov uas qaug zog quab yuam mus rau hauv ib tug nkaus xwb "electroweak". Txawm li cas los, cov kev tshawb xav demanded tias tus hais-muaj yuav weightless, tab sis zaum tau paub hais tias cov W-boson kev tshawb xav yuav tsum hnyav los mus piav qhia nws luv luv ntau yam. Theorists hnyav W nqa rau account pom mechanism hu ua Higgs mechanism uas muab rau lub hav zoov Higgs.

Nyob rau hauv 2012, CERN tshaj tawm hais tias zaum siv lub ntiaj teb no tus loj tshaj plaws tsuj roj - tus Loj Hadron Collider - pom tshiab particle, "lub Higgs boson tsim nyog."

beta lwj

Tsis muaj zog sis yog manifested nyob rau hauv β-lwj - ib tug txheej txheem nyob rau hauv uas ib tug proton yog hloov dua siab tshiab mus rau ib tug neutron thiab vice versa. Nws tshwm sim thaum uas ib tug nucleus nrog ntau dhau lawm neutrons los yog protons ib tug ntawm lawv hloov dua siab tshiab mus rau lwm yam.

Beta lwj yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm ob txoj kev:

1. Thaum beta-rho tawm lwj, tej zaum sau raws li β ^- lwj, neutron phua rau hauv ib tug proton thiab electron ib antineutrino.
2. Tsis muaj zog sis yog manifested los ntawm cov hniav lwj los ntawm atomic nuclei, tej zaum sau raws li β ⁺ lwj, thaum lub proton yog phua rau hauv ib tug neutron thiab positron neutrino.

Ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab yuav tig nyob rau hauv lub lwm yam, thaum ib tug ntawm nws neutron nthawv transformed rau hauv ib proton ntawm qhov tsis zoo beta lwj, los yog thaum twg ib tug ntawm nws protons nthawv transformed rau hauv ib neutron los ntawm β ⁺ lwj.

Ob chav beta lwj tshwm sim thaum ib tug tub ntxhais 2 nyob rau tib lub sij hawm hloov mus rau hauv ib tug proton neutron 2 los yog vice versa, whereby lub txim liab electron antineutrinos 2 2 thiab beta hais. Nyob rau hauv lub hypothetical Neutrinoless ob beta lwj ntawm neutrinos raug tsim.

electron capture

Proton yuav tig mus rau hauv ib tug neutron los ntawm ib tug txheej txheem uas hu electron capture los yog K-capture. Thaum lub noob pob kws muaj ib tug dhau heev lawm naj npawb ntawm cov protons nyob rau hauv relation mus rau tus xov tooj ntawm neutrons, electrons, feem ntau yog los ntawm lub sab hauv ntawm lub electron plhaub zoo li ntog mus rau hauv lub nucleus. Electron orbitals yuav tus niam nucleus, cov khoom uas yog tus ntxhais nucleus thiab neutrino. Lub atomic tooj ntawm tus ntxhais nucleus tau yog decremented los ntawm 1, tab sis tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov protons thiab neutrons tseem zoo li qub.

thermonuclear cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Cov tsis muaj zog sis yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv nuclear fusion - cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas khoom siv rau lub zog ntawm lub hnub thiab thermonuclear (hydrogen) foob pob.

Thawj kauj ruam nyob rau hauv lub merger ntawm hydrogen yog ib tug kev sib tsoo ntawm ob protons txaus quab yuam kom kov yeej lub kev sib nrig sib repulsion muaj los ntawm lawv vim lawv electromagnetic sis raug zoo.

Yog hais tias ob hais cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob ze rau txhua lwm yam, ib tug muaj zog sis tej zaum yuav nyob qib qub lawv. Qhov no ua ib qho kev tsis ruaj tsis khov hauv daim ntawv ntawm Helium ⁽² Nws), uas muaj ib tug tseem ceeb nrog ob protons, tsis zoo li lub ruaj khov daim ntawv (Tsis muaj ^4), uas muaj ob tug protons thiab ob neutrons.

Nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no theem los mus ua si tsis muaj zog sis. Vim lub overabundance ntawm protons ib tug ntawm lawv undergoes beta lwj. Tom qab hais tias, cov lwm yam tshuaj tiv thaiv, xws li intermediate tsim thiab fusion ntawm ³ Nws nws thiaj li tsim ib tug ruaj khov ⁴ Nws.