Viko Dzhambattista: biography thiab tej hauj lwm

Qhov tus tsim ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm lub keeb kwm txheej txheem, lub Italian philosopher ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub thib kaum thiab cov thawj - thib kaum xya xyoo pua, tus raug ntawm no tsab xov xwm. Vico Giambattista yus thoob plaws keeb kwm raws li ib tug providential thiab lub hom phiaj txoj kev, qhov twg txhua lub teb chaws muaj nyob rau hauv mus ntawm peb eras - tus los saum ntuj (thaum twg lub xeev tsis tau muaj, tag nrho cov hwj chim ntawm lub pov thawj), lub heroic (thaum twg lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov aristocracy) thiab tib neeg (thaum muaj ib tug neeg sawv cev monarchy, ywj pheej koom pheej).

biography

Neapolitan philosopher Viko Dzhambattista thiab paub txog yug los nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1668 nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tsev neeg. Leej Txiv muag cov phau ntawv, ces tus me nyuam tub tau ntsib science thaum ntxov nyob rau hauv, txawm ua ntej nkag mus rau lub Jesuit tsev kawm ntawv. Nws tsis yog li ntawd cov theem ntawm cov kev kawm muaj nws tsis kam txais. Viko Dzhambattista yog li ntawd ib qho nyuaj rau kev kawm rau peb tus kheej hais tias cov heev lub tsev kawm ntawv txoj kev no txoj hauj lwm tiv thaiv, vim hais tias nws yuav tsum tau tawm. Qhov kev paub nws kis tau sai heev, nrog rau feem ntau uas nws kim heev, ntau yam thiab sib sib zog nqus.

Ntawm nws cov kev ua ub no tsis tau tsuas yog ancient lus: nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus Latin thiab Italian Viko Dzhambattista kawm ntaub ntawv, kev cai lij choj, philosophy, keeb kwm, mus nyob rau hauv lub caij ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Cicero, Virgil, Horace, Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Tiag tiag lub koob meej nyob rau hauv nws cov haiv neeg lub nroog, nws tau raws li ib tug kws lij choj thiab pab qhia, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm cov khoom no stesnonnost yog nws ib txwm hauv lub xeev. Yog li ntawd, cov zoo txiv neej tsis txhob mus sau kev cai khoom, has lug hab, kwv huam thiab cov zoo li.

paub tej hauj lwm

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm peb caug Vico los ua ib tug tsev kawm ntawv xib fwb ntawm rhetoric ntawm Naples, cov phab ntsa uas ntiav ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm ib xyoo pua, thiab nws tej hauj lwm thiab philological scholarship nce lub broadest chaw. Giambattista Vico yug ib tug xov tooj ntawm purely scientific tej hauj lwm hais txog cov kev qhia tswj ntawm lub Latin hom lus, nyob qhov twg muaj kuj yog ib tug ancient Italian outlook on kev niaj hnub nyob rau hauv kev kawm, hais txog Antonio Caraffa - "Plaub Phau ntawv", nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm universal txoj cai uas yog uniform, cov kev cai thiab constancy thiab ntau npaum li cas kom huv si kawm pom embodied nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv.

Thiab nyob rau hauv 1725 tuaj lub loj ua hauj lwm ntawm nws lub neej, mus rau lub hnub tam sim no yog qhov kev kawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb. Viko Dzhambattista sau, "raws li tus tshiab science ntawm qhov xwm ntawm haiv neeg", thiab qhov no ua hauj lwm twb muag tawm instantly thiab cia vzapoy nyeem los ntawm cov pej xeem, uas nrog zoo txaus siab tham txog lub philosophical sau tej lus cog tseg. Lub controversy yog mob siab heev, thiab lub npe hais tias yuav tshuaj pleev rau hnub no. lub npe ntawm tus sau kawm nyob rau hauv lub deb ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm lub scientific cov teb chaws Europe, tab sis muaj ntau yam ntawm nws lug txhawb cov miv tsis muab cov worldview uas ua raws li Giambattista Vico. Qhov chaw ntawm lub hnyav txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tib neeg, lawv yog nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw.

tiv thaiv views

Giambattista Vico yog ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm science, uas yog muab lawv cov kev ntseeg tsis tau, tab sis vim hais tias nws sim nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev los txhawb cov tswv yim ntawm lug txhawb cov miv, los mus hais tau lawv hais tias lawv yog txoj cai. Thiab vim hais tias lawv twb npaj tau ob tug tshiab cov ntaub ntawv, qhov chaw uas nws sim ntau li ntau tau los tsim ib qho yooj yim to taub lub tswv yim ntawm cov laus tej hauj lwm raws li ib tug polemic nrog lub critics.

Ces, Giambattista Vico, ib lub tswvyim uas tsis hloov nyob rau hauv lawv cov views ntawm qhov xwm ntawm haiv neeg, sau tau ib cov autobiography, nrog, yog hais tias tsis purely scientific, ces, peb yuav hais tias, kev txawj ntse, qhov twg tag nrho nws cov quests thiab discoveries nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm science yog thaws rov los. Nyob rau hauv 1735 nws yog commissioned mus rau qhov chaw rau tag nrho cov Kingdom ntawm Naples historian thiab yog li ntawd, thaum kawg, cov tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas, nws txawm tu lawm xav tias. Txawm li cas los, cov kev qhia tsis tau muab tso tseg: Latin ntaub ntawv thiab rhetoric, nws qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob rau hauv tsev.

Lub ntsiab tswv yim

Tiag tiag cov xib hwb paub txog uas nws tswv yim nws ntseeg ntau tshaj nyob ze, twb Tacitus, Plato, Frensis Bekon thiab Gugo Grotsy. Giambattista Vico yog tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tshav pob ntawm kev txawj ntse, uas tsis tau ua tsis tau tej hauj lwm ntawm Pico della Mirandola, Marsilio Ficino, Galileo thiab Bruno Dzhorzhano, raws li zoo raws li Niccolo Machiavelli muaj nyob rau lub ntiaj teb no ntawm tus paub txog ib tug zoo cawv.

Up mus rau ib tug tej yam taw tes rau tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm Vico sau nyob rau hauv Latin, thiab ces pom tau hais tias nws yuav ho nthuav lub possibilities thiab kev txwv ntawm lub hom lus, tab sis vim hais tias kev sau ntawv Dzhambattista Viko "Tshiab Science" tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Italian. Es, nws tau muab tawm yog tsis heev Italian - thiab nws tseem tsis tau nyob ua ib ke raws li ib tug tib lub teb chaws hais lus, nws yog ib tug kev lom zem thiab sophisticated Neapolitan lub suab hais lus.

Ib tug tshiab lub tswv yim

Lub sijhawm ntawm kev nthuav qhia thiab cov phau ntawv tseem zoo li qub - nws yog purely scientific, thiab yog li ntawd tsis to taub thiab maub-rau-to taub, thiab thaum mus rau saum toj nwj ntau thiab tsis yog tag nrho ib cheeb tsam intuitive Naples lus - tsis yog txhua Italian muaj peev xwm tau mus rau lub tswv yim uas tau tso tawm nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawv sau, thiab xav tias lawv.

Cov phau ntawv yog lub tsev siv cov axiomatic-deductive txoj kev, thiab raws li ib tug qub geometric treatise nyob rau hauv uas nws lub tswv yim tsim Giambattista Vico, fiercely criticizing lub ntsejmuag thiab subjectivity xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv tsis tsuas cov neeg tab sis kuj tag nrho haiv neeg.

Peb tsis nyiam nws thiab extrapolation txoj kev, uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm prevailed nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov humanities. Nws raug cov shortcomings ntawm lub philosophy ntawm Descartes. Ntev rationalism thiab subjectivism nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm cov yeeb ncuab empiricism twb feem ntau cov hom phiaj ntawm kev thuam, uas ua Giambattista Vico.

Sociology

Tshiab science xws li keeb kwm philosophy, tus sau qhia raws li kev ntseeg, tab sis rationalized thiab secular. Giambattista Vico sau kev cai lij choj kev kawm nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm unheard ntawm tej yam.

Piv txwv li, hais tias cov kev cai ntawm haiv neeg, ntawm chav kawm, tsim los ntawm Vajtswv (los yog Providence), tab sis tej yam ntuj tso nrog ua feem ntau nthuav lub chav kawm ntawm lub keeb kwm txheej txheem nyob rau hauv kev coj rov qab los ntawm cov uas los saum ntuj lub hom phiaj. Qhov no yog lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov no tshwm sim.

Tib neeg kev ua ub no yog DVR nrog tej yam ntuj tso determinism, uas yog, raws li cov kev cai ntawm universal yog vim li cas, thiab keeb kwm kev cai coj thiab tswj lub spontaneity ntawm tus tawm tsam rau tib neeg txaus siab.

pej xeem kev

Innovator Vico pom cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev sib sau ntawm noob neej muaj kev cov subordination ntawm tag nrho cov haiv neeg tsis muaj kev zam, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws raws li universal kev cai. Kev tshawb xav ntawm kev voj voog, contoured Giambattista paub tam sim no.

Tsim haiv neeg nyob rau hauv mus, zoo li uas muaj sia nyob tseem yog menyuam yaus, cov hluas thiab kom loj hlob, tsim raws li ib tug ascending kab, qhov chaw uas txhua theem tsis muaj txoj kev yav dhau los ib tug, thiab cov kev hloov ntawm epochs muaj kev upheavals, tsim ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm kev tsis sib haum. Ua kom muaj qhov teeb meem no, raws li ib txwm, cov cuab yeej sib raug zoo.

Lub voj voog ib txwm xaus nrog lub ntsoog ntawm haiv neeg, nws cov hniav lwj, thiab tag nrho cov hlwb ntawm lub cev yog raug rau kev degradation. Ces, ib tug tshiab kev voj voog pib.

Peb "ntawm lub xyoo pua"

Vico qhia tau hais tias kev sis raug zoo dab li kev ncaj ncees sab. Txhua theem - lub "hnub nyoog" - nws muaj nws cov kev cai thiab cov lus, kev lis kev cai thiab kev ntseeg, kev sib raug zoo thiab economic tsev. Lub hauv paus rau lawv kwvyees Vico xaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog Loos. "Hnub nyoog ntawm lub Gods" - lub txheej thaum ub savagery thiab bestial txoj kev ywj pheej tsis muaj ciam teb rau lwm, hla ntawm ib lub xeev. Lub hwj chim ntawm lub gods (los yog es - cov pov thawj). Ntiaj teb no kav los ntawm piety thiab kev ntshai. Ces tsev neeg poj koob yawm txwv knotted tsov rog nrog cov tub qhe thiab cov tsev neeg, uas yog tsim nyog rau cov kev txiav ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv uas tus thawj txoj cai yuav tsum tau, thiab rau tom kawg cultivated av. Thaum no tus taw tes pib lub "hnub nyoog ntawm heroes" thaum cov tsev neeg ntawm cov txiv zoo nkaus li paub, thiab ntawm cov tub qhe thiab tsev neeg - cov neeg. Patricians thiab plebeians. Aristocratic cim ntawm lub xeev, lub feudal lords siv quab yuam thiab kev dag tuav mus rau lub hwj chim. Lub sij hawm thaum lub dag lub zog yog txoj cai.

Txawm li cas los, zoo tib yam neeg yuav tsis tos rau lawv tig los yeej. "Hnub nyoog ntawm Heroes" xaus nrog thaum pib ntawm lub "hnub nyoog ntawm cov neeg" - lub siab tshaj plaws theem ntawm lub voj voog. Zoo tib yam neeg xwb thiab txav lub feudal lords. Ib tug koom pheej los yog ib tug monarchy nrog rau cov pej xeem thiab nom tswv koob pheej ntawm lawv sib txawv siab zoo cim, cov kev kovyeej ntawm yog vim li cas, lub siab thiab hauj lwm. Law yuav muaj kuab. Vam science, crafts, kos duab, nyob rau hauv thawj lub sij hawm twb tsis tuaj kawm ntawv. Trade theem neeg ua ke, noob neej tau txais ib tug kev sib sau, thiab txoj kev vam meej. Tab sis kev ywj pheej ywj siab zoo li loj hlob mus txog rau lub luaj li cas ntawm anarchy, ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tag nrho kev txiav txim. Los lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub xeev thiab pib ntawm ib tug tshiab "hnub nyoog ntawm cov gods."

zam

Txawm li cas los, Carthage tsis haum rau hauv no tswvyim ntawm historiography. Thiab tsis tsuas yog nws. Vico lees hais tias muaj kev zam, thiab lub tswvyim, uas yog hais saum toj no, them ib tug tej yam feem ntau. Kev kho tshiab hauv science, uas tau muab rau peb nrog Vico - dialectics nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov haiv neeg thiab cov kis ntawm historicism. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov no, tus sau zoo heev surpassed txawm lub Fabkis Enlightenment. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug ntau ntawm Vico coj mus rau qhov kev xam ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm philosophy thiab keeb kwm, philosophy thiab kev cai lij choj, comparative lug, Philology, thiab hais txog.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj cov cuab yeej rau to taub lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm txoj cai lij choj, nws xav tias, mythology, folk ceremonies thiab thawj ntawm tag nrho - cov lus. Vico npau suav ntawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab tsim ntawm txoj kev sib sau ntawm science, coob leej ntau tus kawm ntawv. Kuv yog txoj cai. Synthesis of Sciences yog tam sim no lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm technology. Nws siab kawg rau cov timeless tej hauj lwm ntawm Homer - "Iliad" thiab "Odyssey", xav raws li ib tug keeb kwm qhov chaw kom tiav thiab muaj tseeb, txawm li cas los, los ua pov thawj rau sawv daws tias nws tus nquab - ib tug mythical daim duab. Tswv yim uas tau raug formulated rau lawv, yog tsis nco qab lawm, tab sis, nrog rau qhov ntev txoj lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub New Enlightenment coj ntau centuries.