Tus thawj tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Rus

Keeb xeeb, nyob rau hauv ancient Rus 'kev kawm ntawv tsis ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm, txij li thaum nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub me nyuam ntawm muaj myiaj boyars thiab noble tsev neeg, tsis muaj leej twg yuav kawm science. Lub ib thooj ntawm cov pejxeem tau peasants, uas hnub thiab hmo ntuj koom nyob rau hauv lub processing ntawm lawv pawg neeg thaj av, thiab av nws tus kheej tus tswv. Tab sis qhov teeb meem no pib hloov thaum lub sij hawm kev cai raus dej ntawm Rus.

Kws txawj thiab historians kwv yees hais tias tus thawj heev lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia yog tsim los pab rov qab rau hauv lub xyoo 988 nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Kiev. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog tag nrho raws li tus naas ej chronicle "Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo". Nws hloov tawm hais tias lub rov tshwm sim ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Kievan Rus pib thaum tub huabtais Vladimir lub Great pib rau kev cai raus dej ntawm cov neeg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ib lub npe ntawm no None twb qhia nyob rau hauv lub annals li tus founder ntawm cov thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Kyivan Rus. Cov cai nws tau txib nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv cajceg thiab cov boyars 'cov tsev neeg sib sau ua ke tag nrho cov me nyuam thiab coj lawv mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv rau kev kawm Phau Ntawv ua lag ua luam. Tab sis qhov kev cob twb ntaus nqi los ntawm ntau raws li tsim txom. Niam tseem tsis to taub yog vim li cas thiab nyob qhov twg yeej yuav tau mus xa lawv cov me nyuam. Uas yog vim li cas lawv xav nyuaj siab heev rau lawv, thiab hais tias goodbye rau cov me nyuam, yog hais tias lawv mus rau tej yam kev puas tsuaj.

Tsim los ntawm tub huabtais Vladimir lub tsev kawm ntawv tau hu ua "phau ntawv kawm", thiab lub palace yog ib tug tiag tiag lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nws yog tsis tsuas qhia nyeem thiab sau ntawv, tab sis tseem muaj lwm sciences. Lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj ib qho kev cuv npe txog 300 tus menyuam kawm ntawv, thiab lawv tau muab faib mus rau hauv tej pawg me me, txhua yam uas nws tus kheej tus xib fwb qhia. Tom qab hais tias, feem ntau ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv yuav pom nyob rau hauv monasteries thiab lub tuam tsev. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm, lub sij hawm "tsev kawm ntawv" nyob rau hauv Russia xwb nyob rau hauv 1382, thaum European kev lig kev cai, lub sij hawm pib xaiv cov tsev kawm ntawv uas muaj neeg coob qhia crafts thiab muab tshwj xeeb kev txawj ntse.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm tub huabtais Vladimir yuav tsuas cov tub hluas, thiab cov thawj kev kawm rau lawv txoj kev kawm yog phau ntawv ua lag ua luam. Nws twb ntseeg tau tias cov txiv neej yuav tsum tau ntau versed nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus, thiab cov ntxhais tsis paub tsab ntawv, raws li lawv ua lub neej yav tom ntej mistresses, thiab lawv tej hauj lwm yuav tsuas nkag mus qhov tseeb cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg. Thiab ua li no paub ib tug daim ntawv pov thawj yog tsis tsim nyog.

Nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Tej zaum ntawm 1086 nyob rau hauv Russia muaj yog thawj poj niam kawm ntawv qib siab nrhiav tau los ntawm tub huabtais Vsevolod Yaroslavovich. Ntxiv mus, nws tus ntxhais, Anna Vsevolodovna ib txhij mus rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab qhia qhov kev kawm. Tsuas yog no cov tub ntxhais hluas ntxhais los ntawm nplua nuj tsev neeg yuav kawm los nyeem thiab sau ntawv, thiab ntau yam crafts. Thaum pib ntawm 1096 lub tsev kawm ntawv twb pib qhib nyob Russia. Tus thawj tsev kawm ntawv pib tshwm nyob rau hauv loj lub zos xws li Moore, Vladimir thiab Polotsk, thiab feem ntau ua nyob rau hauv monasteries thiab lub tuam tsev. Yog li, cov pov thawj raug xam tias yog nyob rau hauv Russia lub feem ntau kawm ntawv cov neeg. Txij li thaum lub xyoo pua 15th lub tsev ntawm monasteries nres lub tsev, thiab muaj tsev kawm ntawv ntiav, uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm twb hu ua "masters ntawm sawvdaws."

Dua li no nce nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm kev kawm ntawv cov vaj tse, lub tsev kawm ntawv tseem tsis muaj ib tug dav tis rau thoob plaws hauv lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm Russia. Kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Kievan Rus yog ncaav tau systematically thiab qhov txhia chaw. Uas yog vim li cas, cov thawj tsev kawm ntawv puas tau muaj nyob rau hauv Russia, tiam sis tsis flourished thiab maj pib ploj mus. Nws yog tsuas nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 17th caug xyoo, lub kev kawm txog sciences thiab kev kawm nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv tau pib nyob rau hauv lub tshiab. Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Peter 1 qhib thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Kiev rau lub systematic science, uas tus huab tais hu ua ib tug tshiab kauj ruam nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm txhua tus neeg. Ntawm no, txawm li cas los, nws yog tseem tau txais tsuas yog tus me nyuam ntawm cov noble tsev neeg, tab sis leej twg xav xa lawv cov me nyuam mus kawm nce. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th xib fwb qhia txuj xws li cov qauv sau ntawv thiab Latin.

Nws yog los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Peter 1, historians tau ntaus nqi ib tug tseem ceeb transformation nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm tus kheej. Thaum lub sij hawm no, qhib tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov tsev kawm ntawv uas tau npaum li cas ntau dua li cov heev thawj lub tsev kawm, tab sis kuj tsev kawm ntawv tshiab thiab lyceums. Cov yooj yim thiab yuav tsum kawm rau txoj kev tshawb no yog kev ua lej, navigation thiab cov tshuaj.