Tungsten, molybdenum: Alloy daim ntawv thov

Ntuj mineral formations uas muaj tungsten nyob rau hauv ntau lub tebchaw thiab muaj ntau thaum extraction yog technically tau thiab kev lag kev luam tau, - tungsten, molybdenum ores, raws li zoo raws li beryllium, tin, tooj liab, Bismuth, tej zaum mercury, antimony, nyiaj, kub, arsenic, tantalum, sulfur, scandium, niobium - ntiaj chaw xws tsawg lub ntiaj teb co, raws li lub npe ntawm cov pab pawg neeg yog tsis nplua nuj. Dua ore tungsten tivthaiv - molybdenum, zoo li feem ntau lwm tus neeg, nws yog muab tshem tawm nyob rau hauv concentration thiab pauv mus rau xim los yog collective concentrates.

Yuav ua li cas puas tau tungsten

Swedish chemist Carl Scheele, tus kws muab tshuaj los ntawm kev cob qhia, ua thwmsim nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej cov kev kuaj. Muaj nws nrhiav tau tib neeg manganese, barium, tshuaj chlorine ua, txawm oxygen. Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, nws tau ua ib yam dab tsi uas tau ua rau lub foundations rau cov uas nws twb mus nyob hauv lub Stockholm Academy ntawm Sciences. Txawm ua ntej nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1781, nws nres li cas nws nyiam yog tsis koom, yog li ua peb lwm zoo kawg nkaus khoom plig.

Ua kev, Carl Scheele nrhiav tau hais tias tungsten (mineral, tom qab ntawd muaj npe nyob rau hauv nws yawm scheelite) - ntsev ntawm ib txhia tseem tsis paub hais tias acid. Nws yog ib tug zoo discovery, tiam sis tsuas yog ob xyoos tom qab chemists los ntawm Spain thiab nws cov thwjtim cais los ntawm no mineral brand tshiab caij uas hloov tag nrho cov postulates nyob rau hauv lub lag luam. Txawm li cas los, lub coup coj qhov chaw tsis nyob rau hauv ib zaug, lub xyoo pua xeem, ua ntej nws tau los ua luaj li cas lub exceptional zog tau tungsten.

division

Nyob rau hauv lub teb tag nrho cov tungsten ores raug muab faib mus rau hauv ob hom: exogenous thiab endogenous. Ntawm cov tom kawg yog cov skarn, pegmatite, Stringer-hlab ntsha (hydrothermal) greyzerovye caj hom ores, uas yog tag nrho rau hauv peb lub ntsiab ore formations. Qhov no tungsten - tin, tungsten - molybdenum, tungsten - polymetals.

Tej zaum, tungsten yog pom nyob rau hauv pegmatites, los ntawm uas nws yog muab rho tawm thiab scheelite raws txoj kev, ua zus tau tej cov beryl, cassiterite, tantalum niobate los yog spodumene. Pegmatitnye teb - qhov chaw ntawm cov alluvial - tsim feem ntau nyob rau hauv sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Asia thiab teb chaws Africa.

Tshuag

Tungsten, molybdenum nyob rau hauv lub ore yog zoo txuam nrog granite intrusions, lawv apical qhov chaw, qhov twg muaj prikrovlevye deposits, feem ntau nrog los ntawm ore stockworks ob intra- thiab nadintruzivnymi.

Lawv tsim yog plascheobraznye deposits, isometric thiab dawb yog tias feem ntau cov nplooj saum toj ntaub pua chaw pw. Zoo cim thiab ore lub cev columnar hom thiab Stockworks lus zoo. Deposit reserves nyob qhov twg muaj molybdenum, tungsten, thiab lwm yam uas tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb minerals, yuav luag tsis muaj loj reserves. Lub ore yog kwv yees li xwb nyob rau hauv lub kaum, tsis tshua muaj heev nyob rau hauv cov pua pua txhiab tus tons.

extraction

Molybdenum, tungsten thiab lwm yam hydrothermal ore aav yog exo- thiab granite endocontact arrays uas daim ntawv ob coos haum sib sib zog nqus - txog li ib tug kilometer - tag nrho cov series nyob ntxhab nco yog significantly tsawg nruab nrab nco nyob ntawm tej. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob Stockworks. Lub ore lub cev yog tsim los ntawm quartz-wolframite, cassiterite, wolframite-quartz inclusions, feem ntau nrog molybdenum, beryllium thiab bismuthinite, interspersed nrog quartz-molybdenite-scheelite thiab quartz-scheelite ores.

Feem ntau nyob rau hauv xws ores muaj tungsten, molybdenum, tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb hlau lwm nyob rau hauv me me qhov ntau: los ntawm lub tungsten-ib nrab rau ib tug thiab ib tug ib nrab feem pua, ntau - tsawg. Thiab qhov no txawm lub ore reserves ntawm ob peb txhiab los yog kaum txhiab tus tons, uas yog tseem heev, heev me ntsis. Mining feem ntau yog nqa tawm underground los yog qhib qhov txoj kev.

ntau lawm Txoj kev

Tungsten deposits koom nrog extraction txoj kev los yog lub cev qhuav dej khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg los yog kab rov tav khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg shrinkage ore nyob rau hauv lub pov tseg blocks. Kuj siv txoj kev stowing uas zoo nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nyob, skarn deposits los yog greisen.

Qhib txoj kev presupposes shtorkverkov, skarn deposits los yog greisen los yog placers. Nyob rau lub pits, uas ua tungsten ore, molybdenum, feem ntau ua hauj lwm thauj system thiab lwm cov kev pov tseg. Nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob, ntau lawm yog yuav luag tag mechanized - cuaj caum-tsib feem pua. Tab sis lub chaw ua hauj lwm tsis xaus ntawm no. Ore kawm thov, vim tsuas ib tug tshaj plaws ntawm ib tug thiab ib tug ib nrab rau ib xees lawv muaj tsawg lub ntiaj teb co - tungsten, molybdenum.

deposit

Nyob rau hauv lub yav tas los USSR lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws deposits ntawm tungsten ore tshawb nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan, Eastern Siberia thiab Far East, lub Caucasus thiab Central Asia. Tsis yog txhua txhua ntawm lawv yog tsim. Teb chaws ua ntawm tungsten thiab molybdenum yog nqa tawm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj ntau yam nyob rau hauv South Kauslim thiab Tuam Tshoj. Muaj cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws deposits nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tungsten yog mined nyob rau hauv Portugal, Australia, Canada, Bolivia, teb chaws United States, Fabkis, Austria thiab Qaib Cov Txwv.

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tus South-East Asia thiab nws cov Pacific ore siv ntau tshaj li rau caum feem pua ntawm cov tungsten reserves rau lub ntiaj teb. Tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov, cov tshawb deposits tag nrho reserves ntawm tungsten ntiaj chaw tsawg npaum li cas ib tug thiab ib tug ib nrab lab tonnes. Piv txwv li, kub yog ua txhua xyoo (tsis nyob rau hauv stocks, namely teev nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab), hais txog 4.278.200 tons.

zog

Yog ib qho ntawm feem refractory co, tungsten yuav zoo indispensable nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov chaw uas yog txuam nrog rau lub siab kub. Raws li tshuaj caij Wolframium (W) muab cia rau hauv lub plaub pab pawg neeg ntawm cov periodic system. Nws atomic luj ntawm 183,85, thiab tus naj npawb 74. Nws yog lub npe vim yog nws lub teeb grey xim nqaij daim tawv - nrog German thiab hma Rahm txhais li "hma" thiab "qab zib", yog cia - "hma ua npuas ncauj". Txawm tias refractoriness, ruaj khov ntawm ib txwm kub. Minerals muab tungsten - wolframite, scheelite thiab.

Tungsten - ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab Cheebtsam ntawm tshav kub-resistant steel ntawm Superhard - kev kub ceev thiab lub cuab tam, raws li zoo raws li alloys nrog tib zog - stellite, yeej thiab li ntawd, nyob rau hauv. Tab sis ntshiab tungsten, peb pom txhua txhua hnub, vim hais tias nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub filament teeb lub tungsten filament. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog indispensable nyob rau hauv electronics. Hauv pab kiag li lawm muaj ib tug cathode thiab ib tug anode ntawm cov hlau.

hom alloys

Ua ntawm tungsten thiab molybdenum complex, tab sis mas lig. Kev lag luam yeej paub ib ob peb hom, ib co kev uas yog muaj ntau heev thiab tsawg. Tungsten yog huv si, nrog additives thiab alloys nrog rau lwm cov hlau. Yog li, sib txawv stamp BP - tungsten thiab rhenium hlau; VL - nrog lanthanum oxide raws li ib tug dopant; VI - nrog yttria; VT - raws li ib tug additive thorium oxide; VM - silica thiab doped nrog thorium; VA - nrog txhuas thiab silica additives; RF - ntshiab tungsten.

Tungsten yog lub hauv paus rau carbide thiab tungsten hlau thiab molybdenum - superalloy, zoo li ib co lwm leej lwm tus. Tsis tas li ntawd nrog nws koom tes yog npaj coj-resistant cuab tam hlau. Ntawm cov alloys ua ib tug ntau ntawm engine qhov chaw - aviation thiab qhov chaw, nyob rau hauv lwm yam electronic pab kiag li lawm - sib txawv thiab cov filament. Txij li thaum cov kev ceev ntawm lub hlau yog heev siab heev, nws yog siv rau counterweights, rau cia nyias qhov thiab artillery zoo li, rau cuaj luaj ballistic (stabilization lim, tungsten mas ib puas thiab yim caum txhiab revolutions ib feeb) rau high-ceev rotors kuj yog siv co xws li tungsten thiab molybdenum. Siv lawv, raws li peb tau pom, heev lug, thiab ib tug tej zaum txawm hais refined.

Liaj teb ntawm daim ntawv thov

Yog tsis muaj cov uas tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb co, yog dab tsi chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, niaj hnub no, yuav tsis ua tej yam tshuaj los yog nuclear physics. Tib muaju ntawm tungstates yog scintillation detectors, X-ray, raws li zoo li lwm yam ionizing radiations. Tungsten ditelluride (WTe ₂₎ yog siv rau converting thermal zog rau hauv hluav taws xob lub zog. Txawm argon-arc vuam siv tungsten li ib tug electrode.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lug siv tungsten compound. Composite cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom alloys muaj ib lub hauv paus ntawm tungsten carbide, yog tsim nyog rau machining ntawm ob co thiab tsis-metallic lug. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub tshuab: milling, tig, chiselling, planing. Tsis txhob ua tam sim no tsis carbide thaum lub sij hawm drilling thiab tsuas, thiab rau cov uas peb yuav tsum tau tungsten, molybdenum - ntau lawm mastering tag nrho cov tshiab technology nrog lawv.

Khoom hom ntawm tsawg-lub ntiaj teb co

WS ₂ (tungsten sulphide) - kub roj tiv mus txog tsib puas degrees centigrade. Qhov twg cov khoom ntsha yog ua (high-kub roj hlwb) yog siv tungsten trioxide. Textile, xim kev lag luam tau paub heev thiab nyuab technologies, siv raws li ib lub hauv paus tungsten compound thiab ib tug xim nrog ib tug organic syntheses.

Kev lag luam ua ib tug enormous nqi sib txawv ntawm cov khoom, uas muaj tungsten, molybdenum thiab lwm yam uas tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb co. Cov feem ntau - nws yog electrodes, hlau, tungsten hmoov, daim ntawv thiab rod-. Electrodes yeej tsis melted thiab yog li ntawd yuav siv tau rau Vuam high-hlau steels, uas tsis yog-ferrous co thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas sib txawv tshuaj compositions. Tsis muaj leej twg lub electrode tsis muab xws li ib tug siab weld zog.

molybdenum

Molybdenum alloys, thiab nws muaj feem xyuam rau refractory cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv nws yog siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hlau los yog kab xev tso cua sov - rauv taws nte, txawm ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv hydrogen ntawm ib tug kub 1600 ° C. Tin thiab molybdenum hlau yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob kev lag luam, lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv X-ray technology ntawm molybdenum tsim ib tug ntau yam ntawm qhov chaw rau X-ray hlab, electron hlab, lub tshuab nqus tsev hlab.

Tsis tas li ntawd, molybdenum, thiab tungsten li cov heev lug siv los txhim kho steels. Additive Mo tsub kom lub dag lub zog, hardenability, corrosion kuj, toughness. Yog li ntawd, tungsten thiab molybdenum yog siv los tsim cov feem ntau tseem ceeb heev qhov chaw thiab qhov tseem ceeb kom paub meej. Rau xws li ib tug hardness nyob rau hauv lub hlau Stellite tswvcuab - chrome thiab cobalt, sib tshooj ntawm ntug qhov chaw ua hauj lwm coj. Chromium, molybdenum, tungsten - qhov no alloy yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua los lwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog muab ib tug ntawm cov thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm acid thiab tshav kub-resistant alloys.

qhov chaw

Cov hlau ntawm tungsten thiab molybdenum nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm plating lub taub hau ntawm tej cuaj luaj thiab aircraft. Los ntawm lub dag lub zog tungsten thawj, thib ob - molybdenum. Txawm li cas los, tej lub dag lub zog ntawm kub ntawm txog kaum tsib puas degrees Celsius outputs alloys nrog molybdenum nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw. Yog hais tias qhov kub thiab txias yog txawm ntau dua - lub tungsten thiab tantalum yog invincible. Molybdenum honeycomb vaj huam sib luag ua los ntawm chaw ua dav hlua spacecraft capsule shells thiab cuaj luaj uas rov qab mus rau lub ntiaj teb, thaum tshav kub kub exchangers, Thaum tshav kub kub shields, luas cov npoo uas muaj tis, stabilizers.

Qhov twg ua hauj lwm tej yam kev mob hnyav, pab tsawg lub ntiaj teb co. From xws li cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tau txais siab oxidation kuj thiab roj yaig, siab zog thiab muaj peev xwm los tuav lub kick. Muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus dav hlau thiab foob pob ua ntxaij xyaw, trailing daim tiab, turbine hniav, flaps nozzles, tswj chaw, foob pob ua ntxaij nozzles, thiab lwm yam - tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj rau tiv molybdenum.

rau lub ntiaj teb

Neeg tham lwm cov ntaub ntawv rau cov khoom uas khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv ib tug nruab nrab ntawm phosphoric, sulfuric thiab hydrochloric acids, yog ua los ntawm molybdenum thiab nws alloys. Nws resists txawm nyob rau hauv lub molten iav, thiab yog li ntawd lub iav kev lag luam ua nws kim heev kev siv ntawm molybdenum li electrodes rau melting.

Los ntawm nws alloys manufactured rods, pwm rau kev kub siab casting ntawm tooj liab, zinc thiab txhuas alloys. Txij li thaum molybdenum steel kho nyob rau hauv siab - lub ram, tuag, mandrel tho mills. Lawv tus kheej ua molybdenum kuj muaj nuj nqis pab.