Complex tebchaw: nomenclature thiab cais

Qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov inorganic ntaub ntawv yog ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm complex tebchaw. Yuav kom qhov no yuav ntaus nqi rau cov pab pawg neeg ntawm organometallic tebchaw, xws li chlorophyll thiab hemoglobin. Nws yog ib cov kev sib txuas yog tus choj uas txuas lub inorganic thiab organic Science News for KIDS nyob rau hauv ib tug unified science. Invaluable luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm complex ntaub ntawv kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm analytical Science News for KIDS thiab siv lead ua Science News for KIDS, txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws lom dab: photosynthesis, nrog (cellular) respiration.

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav kawm txog cov qauv thiab cov nomenclature ntawm complex tebchaw, raws li zoo raws li tej ntsiab cai ntawm lawv cais.

Sib haum kev tshawb xav A. Werner

Qhov kawg ntawm XX xyoo pua Swiss paub txog A. Werner muaj pov thawj hais tias cov molecule nyob rau hauv tej txoj substance ntau ntau lug uas tau feem ua ib lub hauv paus ion, ligands (ligands) thiab cov txheej sib haum kheej. Hais tias peb twb ntshiab kev faib thiab nomenclature ntawm complex tebchaw, peb piav qhia txog cov tswv yim nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Yog li, A. Werner muaj lawm proven nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ion molecule (feem ntau yog zoo them), uas occupies ib tug central txoj hauj lwm. Nws lub npe hu ua lub complexing neeg sawv cev, lub hauv paus ion los yog atom. Nws yuav tsum tau nyob ze raws li nyob nruab nrab molecules, hu ua ligands, thiab tsis zoo them anions hais uas tsim lub puab sib haum kheej ntawm cov khoom. Tag nrho cov seem lus hais uas tsis tau muab ntaus rau hauv nws, rau txheej plhaub ntawm lub molecule.

Yog li, nyob rau hauv cov mis mos cuprite sodium Na ₂ [Cu (OH) _4], ib tug central tooj liab atom nyob rau hauv oxidation xeev +2 thiab plaub gidroksogrupp tshwm sim tawm lub puab kheej, thaum sodium ions yog nyob rau ntawm ib co deb ntawm lub hauv paus atom nyob rau hauv tus txheej kheej.

Txoj kev rau kev txiav txim lub focal cov qauv thiab cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj

Yog li ntawd, nyob deb, cov kev tshawb xav ntawm A. Werner yog lub ntsiab theoretical lub hauv paus uas kawm complex ceg. Nomenclature, piv txwv li, lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj no yog txiav txim los ntawm cov kev cai txais yuav los ntawm lub International Society of Theoretical thiab Applied Science News for KIDS.

Peb muab ob peb yam piv txwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm tshuaj, uas muaj cov platinum complexing atom - K ₂ [PtCl _6] los yog molecules NH ₃ - [Ag (NH _{3) 2]} Cl. Raws li nws muab tawm, lub mis yuav tsum muab tau los siv cov nram qab no coj: muab ob npaug rau pauv tshua, hniav puas conductivity ntsiab X-hluav taws xob diffraction txoj kev. Xav txog cov kev rau kev nthuav dav.

Raws li qhia cov qauv ntawm cov complex platinum tebchaw

Tshuaj ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm muaj nyob rau hauv lub molecule ntawm lub hauv paus platinum atom. Thaum lub compound PtCl ₄ × 6NH ₃ ua tshuaj ntawm nyiaj nitrate, ces tag nrho cov tshuaj tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas txuam nrog cov hlau atoms thiab AgCl tsim dawb ya ri tau. Qhov no txhais tau tias tag nrho cov anions yog tshuaj nyob rau hauv tus txheej sib haum kheej, whereas lub ammonia molecules tau txuas mus rau lub central platinum atom thiab ua ke nrog nws lub puab kheej tsim.

Nws txhais tau tias ib tug ua kom sib haum compound ntawm mis yog kaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no: [Pt (NH _{3) 6]} Cl ₄ thiab hu ua platinum hexammine chloride. Los ntawm kev siv X-hluav taws xob diffraction txoj kev, lub chemists tshawb thiab lwm yam sib txuas uas nomenclature yuav ntsia tau rau hauv seem tom ntej no.

Lub crystalline tebchaw ntawm chromium

Tus qauv ntawm no pab pawg neeg ntawm tshuaj muaj raug qhia los ntawm lub cev txheej txheem ntawm X-hluav taws xob diffraction ntawm qhov pib X-hluav taws xob diffraction tsom. Dhau los ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, lub electromagnetic yoj tawg khiav ri niab los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm electrons ntawm qhov kev kuaj tshuaj. Qhov no ua rau nws tau heev meej los mus txiav txim uas pab pawg ntawm cov atoms yog thaum lattice qhov chaw. coj nomenclature ntawm complex tebchaw tau tsim rau chromium-muaj muaju. Piv txwv ntawm cov npe isomeric hydrates ntawm trivalent chromium ntsev, twv los ntawm X-hluav taws xob diffraction txoj kev, yog raws li nram no: tetraakvadihlorohroma chloride (III), pentaakvahlorohroma chloride (III).

Nws twb pom tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no chromium atom ua txhua yam rau rau txawv ligands. Yuav ua li cas yuav txiav txim rau tus nqi thiab tej tau muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev sib koom tes naj npawb?

Raws li lub hauv paus atom yog txuas nrog ligands

Yuav kom teb tau cov lus nug tsa saum toj no, peb rov qab hais tias nyob rau hauv lub tam sim ntawd cheeb tsam ntawm lub complexing neeg sawv cev yog ob peb lug, hu ua ligands, los yog ligands. Lawv tag nrho cov, thiab txiav txim seb tus ua kom sib haum tooj. Raws li cov kev tshawb xav ntawm A. Werner, txais tos, kev faib thiab nomenclature ntawm complex tebchaw yog ncaj qha nyob rau qhov ntsuas no. Nws yog correlatively txuam nrog oxidation ntawm lub hauv paus atom. Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaw ntawm platinum, chromium, hlau sib haum tooj ntawm cov feem ntau sib npaug zos rau; yog hais tias tus complexing neeg sawv cev yog sawv cev los ntawm atoms ntawm tooj liab los yog zinc - plaub yog hais tias tus central atom yog nyiaj los yog tooj liab - ob.

Hom ntawm complex tebchaw

Nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, txawv raws li lub ntsiab kawm thiab ibyam ntawm lub hloov tshuaj ntawm lawv. Tham txog nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los lub ntsiab complex tebchaw uas nomenclature qhia cov muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv ntawm dej lwg me me yog aquacomplexes. Los ntawm ammine muaj xws li tshuaj uas muaj ammonia tsis hais, xws li triiodo triamminrody. Kos molecular qauv ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm chelating tebchaw. Lawv lub npe los ntawm lub lom sij hawm chelicera - thiaj hu ua claw decapod. Cov tshuaj muaj ligand, ib tug spatial configuration uas muaj xws li ib tug complexing neeg sawv cev, zoo li claws. Tej tebchaw xws li ferric oxalate complex, etilendiamminovy platinum complex nrog oxidation xeev +4, aminoacetic acid ntsev, uas muaj ions ntawm rhodium, platinum los yog tooj liab.

Cov kev cai rau compiling lub npe ntawm complex tebchaw

Feem ntau xeem lo lus nug nyob rau hauv lub Wisconsin quest rau Science News for KIDS nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm high school yog: hu rau lub complex compound ntawm lub IUPAC-nomenclature. Nyob rau hauv ib tug piv txwv, peb tsom xam algorithm compiling title tshuaj muaj raws li nram no: Muaj (NH _{4) 2} [Pt (OH) ₂ Cl _4].

1. Lub npe pib nrog txiav txim nyob tus yeees ntawm lub puab sib haum kheej. Nws muaj hydroxyl pab pawg thiab cov anions ntawm chlorine. Cov npe ntxiv qhov xaus -o. Peb tau digidrokso-, tetrahloro-.
2. Tam sim no peb nrhiav tau cov complexing neeg sawv cev siv nws cim Latin lub npe, thiab ntxiv thereto lub suffix -AT sau rau hauv yuav tsum qhia txog nws degree ntawm oxidation: platinate (IV).
3. Tiav lawm nrog puab kheej cim, tsiv mus nyob rau sab nraud. Peb hu nws ntawv: nyob rau hauv qhov kev piv txwv yog ammonium ions.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub tshuaj yuav muaj ib tug title nyob rau hauv uas tag nrho cov saum toj no teev cov qauv.

Kev siv cov complex tebchaw

Thaum pib ntawm tshooj no peb hu ua lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov neeg sawv cev ntawm organometallic tshuaj xws li hemoglobin, chlorophyll, vitamins. Lawv ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv metabolism. Lug siv complex tebchaw nyob rau hauv kev siv technology tshiab mus ntawm melting ferrous thiab uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau. Ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm no yog ua si nyob rau hauv metallurgy carbonyls - tej complex tebchaw uas nomenclature qhia cov muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov molecules ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide CO raws li ib tug ligand. Cov tebchaw yog decomposed nyob rau hauv cov cua kub thiab txo co xws li npib tsib xee, hlau, cobalt los ntawm lawv cov ores. Feem ntau cov ceg kuj siv tau raws li catalysts nyob rau hauv lub tshua ua varnishes, xim tsev thiab yas.