Townspeople - lub engine ntawm cov lag luam tawm nyob rau hauv medieval zos

Townspeople - qhov no lub npe twb tsau nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm ib tug qeb ntawm cov pejxeem, uas twb koom nyob rau hauv cov lag luam tawm thiab crafts. Tub txawj tub ntse thiab craftsmen nyob rau hauv lub suburb, nyob ze ntawm lub fortress, los yog Kremlin, qhov uas lawv tau "cog" uas yog tswm princes thiab boyars. Cov townspeople ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub socio-economic thiab nom tswv lub neej ntawm Lavxias teb sab principalities. Tseeb townspeople - nws yog ib lub peasants uas twb nyob rau hauv lawv cov loj villagers uas nrhiav ib tug zoo dua lub neej thiab tawm lawv tej vaj tse, tab sis yog lawv muaj ntaub dawb, tab sis kev lag kev luam nyob rau feudal lords. Nyob rau hauv tej yam lub sij hawm ntawm townspeople twb txawm rivals lords, thawb lub lag luam los ntawm txoj kev ntawm kev kawm ntxiv. Thaum lub sij hawm lub unrest thiab uprisings townspeople raided yards muaj myiaj boyars thiab tub txawj tub ntse, raws li cov ua lawv direct competitors, twb tsis ncaj ncees sib ntaus los ntawm thawb lub vaj qhov chaw hais sib haum thiab hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv qhev ntawm nroog cov neeg, uas ho txo lawv cov kev sib raws li txoj cai thiab muaj lub neej zoo.

Uas nyob ntawm lub cheeb tsam townspeople twb xav nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb thiab tranquility, raws li nws tso cai rau vam luam thiab ua lag luam thiab muaj zog cov nyiaj tau los townspeople lawv tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov townspeople - nws yog nyiaj, extraordinary cov nuj nqis, cov kev siv ntawm ntau yam lug, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntawm no lawv ris ib tug ncaj qha kev pab cuam thiab pab npaj zoo lub nroog thiab nws ncig. Townspeople yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv ob peb pawg: cov neeg yog cov nplua nuj tswv ntawm private loog thiab loj cob qhia, artisans uas koom cov neeg loj leeb los yog militia rau cov kev ua ub. Lawv nyob ntau heev nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev. Thaum kawg, cov neeg tseem ceeb townspeople - ib tug tub txawj tub ntse uas, nyob ntawm seb lawv capital, muab faib mus rau hauv guilds los yog corporations. Rich tub txawj tub ntse thiab craftsmen tswj tag nrho cov txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub zej zog Posad. Lawv nrhiav ua hauj lwm ceev lub ib thooj ntawm cov nqi thiab se rau lub poorest ib feem ntawm lub zej zog - Posad neeg pluag, me me craftsmen thiab traders, uas feem ntau coj mus rau kab mob ntawm kev ua phem rau ob sab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sij hawm nrov unrest

Townspeople nyob rau hauv lub thiaj-hu ua dub thiab dawb sib haum. Lub inhabitants ntawm tej chaw no twb tsis muaj siv txawv, txawm li cas los, lub inhabitants ntawm lub dawb settlements muaj ib tug tseem ceeb kom zoo dua: cov dawb hais sib haum koom rau cov feudal lords, thiab yog li ntawd se lub inhabitants ntawm tej chaw no twb nqa xwb nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus tswv tsev, thaum lub sij hawm uas nyob ntawm lub dub settlements yuav tsum tau them se rau lub xeev. Dawb hais sib haum zoo heev complicates lub neej ntawm townsmen neeg, lawv, raws li lawv cov neeg sib tw, tau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm lawv cov feudal lords, thiab lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, tau xav nyob rau hauv lawv yuav ua tau kom profits. Yuav kom hais tias cov townspeople - ib tug feudal, yog fundamentally tsis muaj tseeb. Lub feudal lords nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm lub princes, ua nom ua tswv thiab tsev teev ntuj dignitaries yog cov tswv belopomestnyh neeg thiab muaj txoj cai rau ib feem ntawm lawv cov nyiaj tau los, raws li serfdom.

Qhov no lub xeev ntawm affairs lasted kom txog thaum 1649. Ib tug series ntawm nroog revolts thiab riots yuam tsoom fwv los mus rau Alexei Mikhailovich townsmen neeg txoj hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv raws li ib tug tshiab code ntawm cov kev cai ntawm cov dawb settlements tau liquidated, thiab cov townspeople tau txais tsuas yog tus cai rau cov tub kawm coj mus muag thiab khoom siv tes ua ub no.