Tooj - ib lub cev los yog tshuaj yeeb dej caw? thaj chaw ntawm tooj liab

Kwv yees li III txhiab BC yog suav tias yog ib txoj kev hloov los ntawm lub pob zeb raws li ib tug yooj yim muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas rau bronze. Cov kev hloov lub sij hawm yog xav tau ib tug tooj liab pua. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no compound nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua tsev neeg khoom, khob iav, thiab lwm yam dab.

Rau hnub tim, cov tooj liab twb tsis poob nws qhov tseeb thiab qhov tseem yog ib tug tseem ceeb heev hlau, yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam xav tau kev pab. Tooj - ib lub cev los yog tshuaj yeeb dej caw? Yuav ua li cas cov khoom nws possesses thiab dab tsi yog yuav tsum tau? Sim kom to taub txog ntxiv lawm.

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tooj liab caij

Raws li cov tshuaj caij tooj liab muaj nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub periodic system. Nws li nram no.

1. Qhov thib plaub zoo lub sij hawm, thawj kab.
2. Cov thawj pab pawg neeg, lub sub-pawg.
3. Cov kab xov tooj 29.
4. Atomic hnyav - 63,546.
5. Cov hluav taws xob configuration ntawm cov txheej txheej ¹⁰ yog qhia los ntawm cov mis mos 3d 4s ^1.

Lub caij muaj ob tug ruaj khov tej yam ntuj tso isotopes nrog huab hwm coj tus xov tooj 63 thiab 65. Lub Latin lub npe cuprum caij, uas piav txog nws cov tshuaj cim Cu. Nyob rau hauv cov qauv nyeem raws li "cuprum", Lavxias teb sab lub npe - tooj liab.

Tooj - ib lub cev los yog tshuaj yeeb dej caw?

Yuav kom teb tau lo lus nug no, nws yog tsim nyog los pib txhais cov nqe lus "tshuaj" thiab "lub cev". Lawv kawm los ntawm lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntau ntau, raws li lawv yog siv. Ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm science nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS thiab physics, ib yam khoom uas hais tias yuav tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tsim kho rau tej yam khoom. Hais tias yog, piv txwv ntawm yam yuav pab tag nrho cov tshuaj tebchaw ob organic thiab inorganic xwm.

Lub cev - yog tus kwv nws tus kheej, uas yog cia li tawm ntawm tej tshuaj. Tej zaum lawv yuav artificially tsim los ntawm tus txiv neej, los yog lwm tus yuav muaj tej yam ntuj tso keeb kwm. Piv txwv tel: tes, qhov rai, daim hlau, rooj, txee, paj kaub thiab thiaj li nyob.

Yuav kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ob lub tswv yim, peb muab ib co piv piv txwv.

1. Qab Zib - ib yam khoom uas lollipop - lub cev.
2. Hlau - ib yam khoom uas tus ntsia thawv - lub cev.
3. Box - lub cev, lub iav - ib tug tshuaj.

Nws yog tshwm los ntawm cov kev xav hais tias cov lus nug: "Tooj - ib lub cev los yog tshuaj yeeb dej caw?" - cov lus teb yog unequivocal. Qhov no tshuaj. Tam sim no, yog hais tias peb mus nyob rau ib tooj liab phaj los yog ib tug tooj liab nplhaib, ces, ntawm chav kawm, ib tug yuav tsum hais lus ntawm lawv raws li ib tug lub cev.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm Science News for KIDS, tooj liab - nws yog ib yam tshuaj teej tug mus rau hauv qeb ntawm hlau. Nws muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo heev zog uas underlie cov dav siv ntawm no compound.

Ib tug yooj yim tshuaj ntawm tooj liab - ib tug uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau

Raws li peb tau twb qhia, tooj liab - cov hlau. Txawm li cas los, tsis yog txhua txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm no pab pawg neeg ntawm tshuaj yog zoo tib yam nyob rau hauv lawv cov yam ntxwv. Muaj cov mos mos thiab nyuaj, dawb thiab daj, liab hlau thiab lwm tus neeg. Tooj kuj siv rau cov uas tsis-ferrous mos hlau.

Cov hluav taws xob qauv ntawm nws cov atoms ua rau nws tau los yog txiav txim, tooj liab - ib tug hlau los yog nonmetal. Tom qab tag nrho, thaum lub lwm theem nws muaj tsuas yog ib electron, uas txhais tau tias nws muaj peev xwm mus tau yooj yim muab rov qab, uas qhia cov raug hlau yuav txo tau cov khoom. Thiaj li, qhov tseeb hais tias nws yuav tsum tau txwv kom muab zais raws nraim co yuav tsis muaj kev ua xyem xyav. Qhov no yog tseem qhia los ntawm lub cev thaj chaw ntawm nws yooj yim substance.

lub zog

Tooj - ib yam khoom uas los yog lub cev? Nkaus convinced ntawm cov correctness ntawm cov lus teb yuav tsuas xam tau tias yog nws lub zog. Yog hais tias peb tham txog qhov no caij raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj, yog yus muaj los ntawm cov nram qab no set ntawm cov nta rau nws.

1. Hlau liab.
2. Mos thiab heev malleable.
3. Zoo heev tshav kub neeg xyuas pib thiab hluav taws xob neeg xyuas pib.
4. Tsis refractory, lub melting kub yog 1084.5 ⁰ C.
5. Lub ceev 8.9 g / cm ^3.
6. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, pom mas nyob rau hauv haiv neeg daim ntawv.

Yog li, nws hloov tawm hais tias tooj liab - ib yam khoom uas muaj lub npe hu txij thaum antiquity nws tus kheej. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm nws cov ancient lub sij hawm los tsim ntau architectural lug, ua khob iav thiab tsev neeg cov khoom.

tshuaj zog

Los ntawm qhov seem yus pom ntawm reactivity, tooj liab - qhov no lub cev los yog tshuaj yeeb dej caw muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj peev xwm mus koom. Muaj ob lub ntsiab oxidation lub xeev ntawm no lub caij, nyob rau hauv hais tias nws exhibits sib txuas. Lawv yog:

• +1;
• 2.

Feem ntau yeej tsis yog ib tug teeb meem nyob rau hauv uas cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog hloov los ntawm peb.

Yog li, tooj liab yuav nrog:

• huab cua;
• carbon dioxide;
• hydrochloric acid thiab ib co lwm yam tebchaw tsuas yog nyob rau heev siab kub.

Tag nrho cov no yog vim lub fact tias cov hlau nto ntaub ntawv ib tug tiv oxide zaj duab xis. Hais tias nws tiv thaiv tau nws los ntawm ntxiv oxidation, thiab imparts stability thiab tsaug zog.

Los ntawm tej yam yooj yim tooj liab tebchaw muaj peev xwm ntawm reacting nrog:

• halogens;
• selenium;
• cyanide;
• grey.

Feem ntau ib qho kev complex tebchaw los yog ob ntsev. Yuav luag tag nrho cov complex tebchaw ntawm no lub caij, tsuas yog oxides - tej yam tshuaj lom. Cov molecules uas tsim monovalent tooj liab yog yooj yim oxidized rau divalent cov neeg sawv cev.

daim ntawv sau npe

Tooj - ib tug sib tov los yog dawb huv yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov xeev yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab lub neej txhua hnub. Nws yog ua tau rau xaiv ob peb loj industries siv tooj liab tebchaw, thiab cov ntshiab hlau.

1. Tawv kev lag luam, nyob rau hauv uas ib txhia ntawm cov ntsev siv.
2. Siv ntawm pluab thiab txhob lo lo ntxhuav.
3. Siv thiab ua cov chiv thiab cog kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov kab (bluestone).
4. Tooj alloys yog lug siv nyob rau hauv lub tsheb lag luam.
5. Shipbuilding, aviakonstruktsii.
6. Hluav taws xob cov, nyob rau tooj liab yog siv vim hais tias ntawm qhov zoo xeb kuj thiab siab hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity.
7. Txawv ntsuas.
8. Qhuav ntawm glassware thiab tsev neeg cov khoom ntawm nyiaj txiag muaj nqis.

Nws yog pom tseeb tias nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub ntau ntau pua xyoo, lub co xwb ntxiv dag zog rau nws txoj hauj lwm thiab muaj pov thawj tsim nyog thiab indispensability nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov.

Tooj alloys thiab lawv lub zog

Muaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm tooj liab-raws li alloys. Nws muaj high kev yam ntxwv, raws li yuav muab tau yooj yim forged thiab kuav los tiag, yog lub teeb thiab txaus muaj zog. Txawm li cas los, ntxiv ho paub thaj chaw ntawm tej yam.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, koj yuav tsum tau nug cov lus nug: "Tooj - ib yam khoom uas los yog lub cev lub cev, thaum nws los txog rau nws alloys?" Cov lus teb yuav tsum: no substance. Tag nrho cov tib yam, nws yog cia li mus rau lawv raws li ntev raws li lub cev lub cev yuav ua los ntawm ib tug hlau uas yog ib tug tej yam khoom.

Yuav ua li cas yog tooj liab alloys?

1. Yuav luag sib npaug ua ke ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg hu ua dag. Qhov no alloy muaj siab zog thiab kuj mus tshuaj nres.
2. Tin bronze - ib tug ua ke ntawm tooj liab thiab tin.
3. Melchior - npib tsib xee thiab tooj liab nyob rau hauv ib qho ratio ntawm 20/80 100. Siv rau qhov siv thiab ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
4. Constantan - ib tug ua ke ntawm npib tsib xee, tooj liab thiab manganese additive.

Lub lom tseem ceeb

Tsis li ntawd, tseem ceeb heev, tooj liab - ib yam khoom uas los yog lub cev. Tseem ceeb rau lwm tus neeg. Yuav ua li cas yog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv lub neej uas muaj sia nyob? Nws hloov tawm hais tias tseem ceeb heev. Yog li, lub ions ntawm cov hlau muaj cov nram qab no functions.

1. Muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub transformation ntawm hlau ions nyob rau hauv hemoglobin.
2. Lawv yog cov active koom nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab tu tub tu kiv.
3. Cia assimilated amino acid tyrosine, li no muaj feem xyuam rau cov zaub ntawm cov xim ntawm cov plaub hau thiab tej tawv nqaij.

Yog hais tias lub cev loses active caij nyob rau hauv yuav tsum tau kom muaj nuj nqis, ces tej zaum yuav muaj tsis kaj siab tus kab mob. Piv txwv li, anemia, plaub hau poob, mob thinness thiab thiaj li nyob.