Tej transformations ntawm atomic nuclei: lub keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations, lub ntsiab hom transformations

Tus foundations ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov atomic nucleus yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm niaj hnub lub cev kev txawj ntse. Zaum tau tuaj mus rau qhov xaus hais txog tus qauv ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws hais ib zaug. Thiab ntau npaum li cas tom qab qhib lwm cov kevcai - piv txwv li, cov kev cai ntawm cov lus tsa suab ntawm microparticles, raws li zoo raws li nta lub transformation ntawm atomic nuclei, uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm tej lwj.

Rutherford lub thwmsim

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm tej transformations ntawm atomic nuclei kawm lus Askiv explorer Rutherford. Txawm ces nws yog tseeb hais tias lub ntsiab loj ntawm lub atom ntog rau nws cov tub ntxhais, vim hais tias cov electrons yog ntau pua lub sij hawm sib zog tshaj nucleons. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav soj ntsuam ib tug zoo xwb nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, 1906 godu Rutherford pom tias tshawb atom tsoov siv alpha hais. Tej hais no yog ua los ntawm cov hniav lwj los ntawm radium, thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Thaum lub sij hawm nws thwmsim, Rutherford tau txais ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov atom, uas tau muab lub npe "planetary qauv".

Tus thawj tswvyim ntawm radioactivity

Nyob rau hauv 1985 lub English explorer William Ramsay, uas yog lub npe hu rau nws foundations ntawm argon gas, ua ib qho kev nthuav discovery. Cov mineral hu ua cleveite nws nrhiav tau roj Helium. Tom qab, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm Helium tau kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv lwm yam minerals, tab sis tsuas yog cov uas muaj xws li thorium thiab uranium.

Cov soj ntsuam, nws ciali coj txawv txawv heev: yuav ua li cas yuav siv sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov roj? Tab sis thaum Rutherford tau pib kawm qhov xwm ntawm radioactivity, nws twb pom hais tias Helium yog ib yam khoom ntawm tej lwj. Ib txhia tshuaj ntsiab "tsim" lwm yam, nrog kiag tshiab zog. Qhov tseeb ntawd sib cov nyom tag nrho cov yav tas los kev ntawm chemists ntawm lub sij hawm.

Soj Frederick Soddy

Ua ke nrog Rutherford nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb ncaj qha koom paub txog Frederick Soddy. Nws yog ib tug chemist, thiab vim hais tias tag nrho nws cov kev ua hauj lwm nqa tawm nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub qhia kom paub txog cov tshuaj hais raws li lawv lub zog. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm tej atomic nuclei twb xub pom Soddy. Nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau tawm yog dab tsi yog cov alpha hais uas tau siv nyob rau hauv nws thwmsim, Rutherford. Ua ntsuas, zaum tau pom hais tias tus loj ntawm ib tug alpha particle yog 4 atomic loj units. Thaum sau ib yam tus naj npawb ntawm alpha hais, tus neeg tshawb fawb pom hais tias lawv tau ua ib tug tshiab tshuaj - Helium. Cov khoom ntawm no gas tau paub zoo Soddy. Yog li ntawd, nws yog thov hais tias alpha-hais tau ntes electrons thiab ua sab nraum nyob rau hauv nruab nrab Helium atoms.

Cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm cov atom

Tom ntej tshawb fawb tau teem rau cov cim ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub atomic nucleus. Zaum tau kawm tau hais tias tag nrho cov transformations tsis tshwm sim nrog electrons los yog electron plhaub, tab sis ncaj qha rau lub nuclei lawv tus kheej. Uas hloov dua siab tshiab tej nuclei thawm transformation ntawm ib co lwm yam. Ces ntau nta ntawm cov transformations twb tsis paub hais tias mus zaum. Tab sis nws yog tseeb ib yam: lawv tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, tshiab tshuaj ntsiab.

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm xws li ib tug saw ntawm metamorphoses, zaum twb tau mus taug cov txheej txheem ntawm transformation ntawm radium rau hauv tus ntxhiab li. Lub tshua uas ua nyob rau hauv xws hloov dua siab tshiab, nrog los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb tawg soj ntsuam hu ua nuclear. Ua kom paub tseeb tias tag nrho cov dab noj qhov chaw yog hauv lub nucleus ntawm ib tug atom, zaum pib mus soj ntsuam, thiab lwm yam, tsis tsuas radium.

Qhib hom ntawm hluav taws xob

Basic kev qhuab qhia, uas yuav tsum tau cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no - nws yog physics (Qib 9). Tej transformations ntawm atomic nuclei yog ib feem ntawm nws cov hoob kawm. Los ntawm thwmsim rau uranium tob tob tawg, Rutherford sab ob hom ntawm hluav taws xob los yog tej transformations. Tsawg penetrating hom npe alpha tawg. Tom qab ntawd nws tau researched thiab beta tawg. Gamma-tawg teb Willard twb xub kawm nyob rau hauv 1900. Zaum tau hais tias cov tshwm sim ntawm radioactivity txuam nrog cov hniav lwj ntawm atomic nuclei. Yog li, ib tug crushing tshuab rau qhov kev txiav txim kom txog thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev mloog lus ntawm ib tug atom li ib tug indivisible particle.

Tej transformations ntawm atomic nuclei: lub ntsiab hom

Tam sim no nws yog suav tias yog hais tias muaj yog peb cov hom ntawm cov transformations thaum lub sij hawm tej lwj: alpha lwj, beta lwj, electron capture, txwv tsis pub lub npe hu ua K-capture. Thaum alpha lwj yog tawm txim liab los ntawm lub nucleus ntawm ib tug alpha particle, uas yog lub nucleus ntawm ib tug Helium atom. Needless tej nucleus li hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug uas muaj tsawg hluav taws xob xwb. Alpha lwj yog peculiar tshuaj muab tso kawg nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj. Beta lwj no kuj muaj nyob rau hauv lub tej hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm atomic nuclei. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub atomic nucleus nyob rau hauv no hom kuj hloov: nws loses neutrinos los yog antineutrinos thiab electrons thiab positrons.

Qhov no hom ntawm lwj yog nrog los ntawm ib tug luv luv-wavelength electromagnetic tawg. Thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob capture ntawm ib tug atomic nucleus absorbs ib ntawm lub ze tshaj ntawm cov electrons. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub beryllium nucleus yuav tig mus rau hauv ib tug lithium nucleus. Qhov no hom sab nyob rau hauv 1938 los ntawm American physicist ntawm Alvarez tsev neeg, uas kuj kawm tej transformations ntawm atomic nuclei. Duab nyob rau hauv uas soj ntsuam tau sim mus ntes cov dab muaj ib tug duab, zoo ib yam li ib qhov muag plooj huab, vim hais tias ntawm lub me me qhov ntau ntawm hais nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no.