Sulfur tebchaw. Degree ntawm cov leej faj oxidation nyob rau hauv lub tebchaw. Sulfur tebchaw ntawm mis

chalcogen pab pawg muaj xws li leej faj, - ib tug thib ob lub caij uas muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ore deposits. Sulfates, sulfides, oxides lwm leej faj tebchaw yog heev thoob plaws, thiab tseem ceeb muaj xwm. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib dab tsi lawv yog, uas nruab nrab yog ib tug leej faj nws tus kheej, nws yog ib tug yooj yim teeb meem.

Sulfur thiab nws cov characterization

Qhov no lub caij muaj cov nram qab txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub periodic system.

1. Qhov thib rau pab pawg neeg, lub ntsiab pab pawg neeg.
2. Ib tug thib peb me me sij hawm.
3. Atomic loj - 32,064.
4. Serial tooj - 16, protons thiab electrons raws li 16 neutrons.
5. Nws yog hais txog lub ntsiab, uas tsis yog-hlau.
6. Nyob rau hauv cov qauv nyeem raws li "es", lub npe ntawm lub caij leej faj, Latin sulfur.

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj plaub ruaj khov isotopes nrog huab hwm coj tus xov tooj 32,33,34 thiab 36. Qhov no lub caij ntawm lub thib rau feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Nws yog hais txog mus rau lub biogenic hais, raws li ib feem ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb organic molecules.

Cov hluav taws xob qauv ntawm cov atom

Sulfur tebchaw yog vim muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov nta ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob qauv ntawm cov atom. Nws yog qhia los ntawm cov nram qab no mis configuration: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^4.

Qhov saum toj no thiaj qhia ib tug neeg twg lub xeev ntawm lub caij. Tiam sis peb paub hais tias yog hais tias tus atom los muab ntxiv hwj chim, nws yog ua tau rau pair rhuav electrons ntawm 3p thiab 3s-sublayer, ua raws li los ntawm lwm txoj kev hloov mus 3d, uas tseem nyob rau free. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tsis yog hloov cov valence ntawm lub atom, tab sis kuj tag nrho cov tau oxidation lub xeev. Lawv tus xov tooj yog ho muaj zog raws li zoo raws li lub xov tooj ntawm txawv tshuaj nrog sulfur.

Degree ntawm cov leej faj oxidation nyob rau hauv lub tebchaw

Muaj ntau ntau yooj yim kev xaiv ntawm qhov ntsuas no. Sulfur yog:

• -2;
• +2;
• 4;
• 6.

Ntawm no, cov feem ntau tsawg S ^+2, tus so yog tawg khiav ri niab qhov txhia chaw. Lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm cov leej faj tebchaw nyob rau hauv lub nyob reactivity thiab oxidizing hwj chim ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj. Piv txwv li, tebchaw nrog -2 - nws sulfides. Lawv pom tau hais tias peb muaj ib tug raug caij ntawm lub oxidizing neeg sawv cev.

Lub siab dua cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv lub chaw tub rog, qhov ntau pronounced yuav muaj oxidizing muaj peev xwm tshuaj. Qhov no yog yooj yim pom hais tias peb nco qab ob tug yooj yim acids uas tsim cov leej faj:

• H ₂ li ₃ - sulfurous;
• H ₂ li ₄ - sulfuric acid.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub caij nyoog kawg no yog ntau npaum li cas ruaj khov, muaj zog compound muaj ib tug siab concentration ntawm loj heev muaj peev xwm oxidize.

yooj yim tshuaj

Raws li tej yam yooj yim tshuaj leej faj yog ib tug daj zoo nkauj muaju tiaj elongated tseeb. Txawm tias qhov no yog tsuas ib qho ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv, vim hais tias muaj ob lub ntsiab allotropic hloov ntawm no substance. Ua ntej, monoclinic los yog orthorhombic - qhov no yog ib tug daj crystalline yeeb tshuaj, tsis soluble nyob rau hauv dej, tab sis tsuas nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents. Tsiag ntawv fragility thiab zoo nkauj zoo qauv sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug crown. Melting point - txog 110 ⁰ C.

Yog hais tias koj tsis txhob hla lub intermediate kis los ntawm kev ua cua sov xws li ib tug kev hloov kho, yog nws ua tau rau raws sij hawm ntes rau lwm lub xeev - yas sulfur. Nws yog ib tug rubbery khov xim av tov, uas raws li qhov ntxiv cua kub los yog quenching dua kis mus rau hauv lub rhombic daim ntawv.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog sib ntshiab leej faj, tau los ntawm ntau yam filtrations, nws yog ib tug kaj daj muaju me me, yooj yim thiab tag insoluble nyob rau hauv cov dej. Peev xwm zes rau kev sib cuag nrog dej thiab atmospheric oxygen. Txawv sufficiently siab tshuaj ua si.

Ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj tej yam ntuj tso deposit los ntawm uas cov leej faj tebchaw yog muab rho tawm nws tus kheej raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws muaj:

• nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, ores thiab cov pob zeb;
• nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, nroj tsuag thiab tib neeg, raws li ib feem ntawm ntau organic molecules;
• nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso gases, roj av thiab thee;
• nyob rau hauv cov roj shale thiab tej yam ntuj tso dej.

Koj muaj peev xwm rau npe rau ob peb tug cov richest leej faj minerals:

• cinnabar;
• pyrite;
• sphalerite;
• stibnite;
• galena thiab lwm tus neeg.

Feem ntau ntawm cov leej faj ua niaj hnub no mus txog rau lub sulphate ntau lawm. Lwm feem yog siv rau kev kho mob hom phiaj, ua liaj ua teb, muaj tshuaj raug dab.

lub zog

Lawv yuav piav qhia txog nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb paragraphs.

1. Cov dej no insoluble nyob rau hauv cov pa roj carbon disulfide, Turpentine, los yog - zoo yaj.
2. Heev kev sib txhuam accumulates tsis zoo xwb.
3. Melting point ntawm 110 ⁰ C.
4. Lub ib kub npau npau taw tes ntawm 190 ⁰ C.
5. Thaum ncav 300 ⁰ C kis nyob rau hauv cov kua-ntws.
6. Ib tug ntshiab tshuaj yog tau rau nws tus kheej-zes cov chaw zoo heev.
7. Los ntawm nws tus kheej twb yuav luag tsis hnov tsw, tab sis hydrogen leej faj tebchaw emit ib tug pungent tsis hnov tsw ntawm lwj qe. Raws li zoo li ib co neeg sawv cev ntawm gaseous binary.

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm lub substance nyob rau hauv lo lus nug twb paub rau cov neeg txij ancient sij hawm. Nws yog rau lawv combustibility ntawm cov leej faj thiab tau txais nws lub npe. Nyob rau hauv lub kev tsov kev rog siv asphyxiating thiab lom pa uas yog generated thaum lub sij hawm lub combustion ntawm lub compound, raws li ib tug riam phom tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, acid nrog sulfur kuj yeej ib txwm muaj muaj qhov tseem ceeb.

tshuaj zog

Subject: "Sulfur thiab nws cov tebchaw" tsis tau ib zaj lus qhia nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv Science News for KIDS cov hoob kawm, tab sis ob peb. Tom qab tag nrho, ib tug ntau ntawm lawv. Qhov no yog vim cov tshuaj ua si ntawm lub substance. Nws yuav ua tau ob qho tib si oxidizing zog nrog ib tug muaj zog txo cov neeg ua hauj (co, boron, etc.), thiab kho tshiab ntawm feem ntau uas tsis yog-hlau.

Txawm li cas los, txawm hais tias xws ua si tsuas muaj fluorine sis hais nyob rau hauv zoo tib yam tej yam kev mob. Rau txhua leej txhua tus lwm tus, koj xav kom ua cua sov. ob peb pawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tej zaum yuav xaiv, uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm reacting nrog sulfur:

• co;
• uas tsis yog-hlau;
• alkalis;
• muaj zog oxidizing acid - sulfuric, thiab nitric.

Sulfur tebchaw: hom

Ntau lawv tus nqi yuav tau piav los ntawm txawv degrees ntawm oxidation puag neeg - sulfur. Yog li ntawd, ib tug ob peb theem pib hom ntawm tshuaj yuav tsum tau qhia rau lub hauv paus ntawm:

• compound nrog oxidation -2;
• 4;
• 6.

Yog hais tias peb xav txog cov chav kawm ntawv, thiab tsis yog ib qho taw qhia ntawm valences, qhov no caij ntaub ntawv xws molecules li:

• acid;
• oxides;
• hydrogen leej faj tebchaw;
• ntsev;
• binary tebchaw uas tsis-hlau (carbon disulfide, chlorides);
• organic tshuaj.

Tam sim no xav txog lub ntsiab sawv daws yuav, thiab muab piv txwv.

Tshuaj nrog oxidation -2

leej faj tebchaw 2 - yog nws conformation nrog co, raws li zoo raws li:

• carbon;
• hydrogen;
• phosphorus;
• silicon;
• arsenic;
• boron.

Nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob, nws ua raws li ib tug oxidizing neeg sawv cev, vim tas nrho cov ntsiab ntau electropositive. Xav txog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas sawv daws yuav.

1. Carbon disulphide - CS _2. Lub pob tshab kua nrog ib tug ntxiag aroma ether. Yog lom, txais nplaim taws tshuaj thiab exploding. Siv raws li ib tug hnyav, thiab rau feem ntau cov hom ntawm cov roj, rog, uas tsis yog-hlau, nyiaj nitrate, resins thiab rubbers. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ib feem nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov dag txhob lo lo ntxhuav - viscose. Cov kev lag luam yog tsim nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau.
2. Hydrogen sulphide los yog hydrogen sulphide - H ₂ S. Cov pa roj, tsis muaj xim thiab Sweet saj. Odour muaj zog, heev tsis kaj siab, reminiscent ntawm lwj qe. Poison, depresses lub ntsws chaw ntawm linking tus tooj liab ions. Yog li ntawd, thaum nws los lom txhawm chim thiab kev tuag. Lug siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, organic synthesis, zus tau tej cov sulfuric acid, thiab raws li energetically paaj raw cov ntaub ntawv.
3. hlau sulfides yog lug siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid ntau lawm, tau txais xim raug phosphors, thiab lwm qhov chaw. General mis - Kuv _x S _y.

Tebchaw muaj ib tug degree ntawm oxidation ntawm +4

Sulfur tebchaw 4 - yog dua ib tug oxide thiab cov coj ntsev thiab acid. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov heev tebchaw muaj ib lub nqi nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam. Lawv muaj peev xwm ua raws li oxidants, tiam sis feem ntau qhia kom txhob muaj zog.

Formula leej faj tebchaw nyob rau hauv lub oxidation xeev +4 nram qab no:

• oxide - leej faj dioxide li _2;
• acid - sulfurous H ₂ li _3;
• ntsev muaj cov kev mis kuv _x (li _{3) y.}

Ib qho ntawm feem ntau yog cov leej faj dioxide, los yog anhydride. Nws yog ib tug tsis muaj kob tshuaj muaj ib tug tsw ntawm burnt qhov yuam kev. Nyob rau hauv loj pawg tsim thaum lub sij hawm kev tawg ntawm volcanoes, nws nyob rau ntawm no point yog ib qho yooj yim los mus taw qhia los ntawm tsis hnov tsw.

Nws yaj nyob rau hauv dej nrog tsim ntawm yooj yim decomposing acid - sulfur. Nws behaves raws li ib tug raug acid oxide ntaub ntawv ntsev, uas muaj xws li ib tug sulfite ion li ₃ ^2-. Qhov no anhydride - thawj cov roj, uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov ib puag ncig cua pa phem. Hais tias nws muaj feem xyuam rau cov tsim ntawm acid los nag. Industrially siv nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid siv thiab ua.

Tebchaw nyob rau hauv uas cov leej faj nyob rau hauv lub oxidation xeev + 6

Cov no muaj xws feem sulfuric anhydride thiab sulfuric acid nrog nws ntsev:

• sulfates;
• hydrogen sulfate.

Txij li thaum cov leej faj atom therein yog nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws oxidation lub xeev, thiab lub thaj chaw ntawm cov tebchaw yog heev explainable. Lawv yog cov muaj zog oxidants.

Sulfur oxide (VI) - leej faj trioxide - nruab nrab yog ib tug tsis muaj kob volatile kua. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature - haib desiccant muaj peev xwm. Tawm sab nraud haus luam yeeb. Thaum yaj nyob rau hauv dej nws muab ib tug ntawm cov muaj zog mineral acids - sulfuric. Lub concentrated tshuaj nws yog hnyav me ntsis yellowish oily kua. Yog hais tias lub anhydride yog yaj nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid, peb tau ib tug compound hu ua oleum. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam rau zus tau tej cov acid.

Cov ntsev - sulphate - yog qho tseem ceeb heev tebchaw xws li:

• gypsum CaSO ₄ · 2H ₂ O;
• baryta BaSO _4;
• lub ntsev;
• lead sulfate thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, tshuaj synthesis, tshuaj, qhov siv thiab ua kho qhov muag seev thiab tsom-iav thiab txawm lub lag luam ua noj.

Hydrogensulfates yog lug siv nyob rau hauv metallurgy, qhov twg siv raws li ib tug flux. Thiab lawv pab txhais lus ntau yam ntawm lub complex oxides rau hauv soluble sulfate daim ntawv uas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov lag luam.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm leej faj nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv Science News for KIDS kawg

Thaum yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog lub assimilation ntawm kev txawj ntse los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm uas yog cov leej faj, dab tsi yog nws cov khoom, uas yog ib tug compound ntawm leej faj? Qib 9 - qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub sij hawm. Qhov no tsis yog cov heev thaum pib, thaum cov me nyuam tag nrho cov tshiab thiab coj txawv txawv. Qhov no yog qhov nruab nrab nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Science News for KIDS, thaum cov me nyuam yaus muab tso ua ntej lawm, yuav pab tag nrho to taub txog tus kawm. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm nws yog tus thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov kawm ntawv tiav. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus yog muab faib ua ob peb blocks, uas sawv nyias zaj lus qhia "Sulfur tebchaw. Hoob 9".

Qhov no yog vim lawv cov loj xov tooj. Tsis tas li ntawd nyias xam tau tias yog rau tus zus tau tej cov sulfuric acid nyob rau hauv lub lag luam. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, qhov no lub ntsiab lus yog muab los ntawm ib tug nruab nrab ntawm 3 teev.

Tab sis organic tebchaw ntawm leej faj yog xa rau txoj kev tshawb no xwb nyob rau hauv lub 10 qib, thaum teeb meem yog xam tau tias yog organic. Tsis tas li ntawd cuam tshuam yog thiab biology nyob rau hauv high school. Tseeb, sulfur yog ib feem ntawm cov organic molecules, xws li:

• thioalcohols (thiols);
• cov nqaijrog (tertiary qauv, uas yog lub tsim ntawm disulfide choj);
• thioaldehydes;
• thiophenols;
• thioesters;
• sulfonic acid;
• sulphoxides thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lawv cais nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib pab pawg neeg ntawm organosulfur tebchaw. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb xwb tsis nyob rau hauv lub lom dab ntawm nyob beings, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, sulfonic acid - lub hauv paus ntawm ntau cov tshuaj (cov tshuaj aspirin, sulfanilamide los yog streptocid).

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov leej faj tebchaw xws ruaj khov tivthaiv raws li ib co:

• amino acids;
• enzymes;
• vitamins;
• cov tshuaj hormones.