Radar "Don-2N": tswv yim thiab kev yam ntxwv

Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Moscow cheeb tsam, ib tug ob peb lub kaum os kilometers ntawm lub nroog, yog ib tug txawv txawv yam khoom - multifunction radar "Don-2N". Tus duab yog ib tug truncated pyramid nrog plaub sab. Lub dav ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv yog 130, thiab qhov siab - 35 meters. Cov khoom aimed ntawm cov kev tswj ntawm qhov chaw tshaj lub Lavxias teb sab Federation thiab neighboring lub teb chaws. Nws kuj ua rau cov kev ua ntawm tebchaws thiab rhuav tseg ballistic cuaj luaj. Niaj hnub no peb muab ib tug los ze zog saib tus yam ntxwv thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm lub radar "Don-2N".

txoj kev

Raws li koj paub, qhov chaw nres tsheb muaj plaub sab. Nyob rau txhua ntawm lawv koj yuav saib tau lub raug puag ncig thiab square bar los ntawm cov uas paub cov neeg yuav twv txog kev tsim kho khoom siv. Rau txhua qhov ntawm plaub panels ntawm ib tug yeej zoo txheej txheem active phased array antennas muaj ib lub cheeb ntawm 18 meters. Rau square panels yog kav hlau txais xov tswj interceptor cuaj luaj. Lawv kuj sawv cev rau ib tug square nws sab yog kwv yees li 10 meters.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov no radar (RLS) yog ib tug central link missile tiv thaiv (BMD) ntawm Moscow. Nws yuav tsis tsuas ntes uas yus khoom ntawm ib qhov siab ntawm txog li plaub caug txhiab kilometers, tab sis kuj yuav qhia rau cov cuaj luaj. Vim lub fact tias cov radar yog txawm peem rau nrog plaub arrays, nws tso cai rau koj los mus them tag nrho cov cheeb tsam surrounding thiab tau txais cov tshaj plaws yog cov ntaub ntawv rau kev kuaj lub hom phaj.

Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj cov tsis muaj analogues "Don-2N" RLS. Qhov twg yog qhov chaw nres tsheb? Lo lus nug no, uas yog ib yam uas txaus siab rau ntau yam. ABM chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab capital nyob rau hauv Sofrino zos, Pushkin koog tsev kawm ntawv. Cov tsab radar twb ua nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan, thaum lub Sary-Shagan. Nyob rau codification ntawm NATO chaw nres tsheb twb muaj npe nees Ceg.

Pib ntawm kev ua hauj lwm

Nyob rau hauv 1963, Moscow xov tooj cua Engineering lub koom haum (RTI) nyob rau hauv lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub Soviet Union tau muab neeg ua hauj lwm los tsim ib tug radar phiaj nrhiav kom tau rau yav tom ntej missile tiv thaiv peb tes num. Yog li pib zaj dab neeg txog "Don-2N" RLS. Chiv nws twb assumed tias lub neej yav tom ntej chaw nres tsheb yuav khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv lub decimeter ntau yam. Txawm li cas los, sai tom qab lub community launch ntawm peb tes num creators tau pom tau hais tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm xws li ib tug system yuav dhau lawm meager. Chaw nres tsheb khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub UHF ntau yuav tsis muaj peev xwm mus muab heev muaj tseeb nrhiav kom tau ntawm lub hom phaj. Nyob rau hauv lub qus nws yuav ua tau kom neeg tuag taus txim.

Twb tau nyob rau thaum ntxov 1964 xov tooj cua Engineering lub koom haum pib tsim centimeter consoles. Nws twb npaj tau hais tias cov khoom no yuav tso cai rau lub chaw nres tsheb tau tshiab, siab tau kawm, raws li tau zoo raws li muab ib tug yooj yim thiab kuj yooj yim lub lag luam. Lub prefix yuav tsum khiav lag luam raws li ib feem ntawm ib tug system tsim los nrog lub tseeb uas thiab technologies. Tab sis lub sij hawm no lub designers kev txiav txim siab xam tias yog futile.

Nws yog tsim nyog los tsim ib tug kiag li tshiab radar, uas yuav tsis tau tsuas them rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov hnub, tab sis kuj ho ua ntej ntawm lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, ua ntej thaum xaus ntawm xyoo 1965 cov neeg ua hauj koom nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm RTI cia li tsib txawv foundations ntawm cov radar. Tab sis lub sij hawm no, txawm tag nrho cov zog ntawm engineers, peb tes num tsis tau pom zoo vim hais tias nws tsis muab suab siv daws teeb meem.

Tag nrho tsib xaiv npaj muaj ib co flaws thiab yog tsis pom zoo kom mus ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob. Los ntawm tsom xam ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm li cas thiab muab tso rau pem hauv ntej kev daws teeb meem, muaj lwm embodiment ntawm ib tug pheej radar. Tej lub sij hawm tom qab ntawd nws tau los ua lub hauv paus rau lub radar "Don-2N".

tshiab Solutions

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1966, RTI engineers pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib qhov project hu ua "Don". Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub hom phiaj yuav tsim ib tug khub ntawm radars kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv bands. UHF system npaj yuav tsum tau muab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob qho kev xaiv: raws li daim av thiab lub nkoj. Qhov no yuav tsis tau tsuas yog soj ntsuam cov txheej chaw los ntawm nws cov chaw uas zoo heev, tab sis kuj mus soj ntsuam cov positional qhov chaw ntawm lub yeeb ncuab cuaj luaj nrog kev pab los ntawm lub nkoj uas yog nyob rau hauv nws cov coasts thiab nruab nrog radar.

Centimeter radar assumed ruaj ruaj av xwb embodiment. Cov kab kev los ntawm nws cov kev pab raws qib tsuas yog ntes tus yeeb ncuab cuaj luaj kuj muaj rau kev cuam tshuam missile kev taw qhia. Tus thawj versions ntawm peb tes num yuav tsum centimeter chaw nres tsheb yuav taug qab sector 90 degrees dav. Yog li ntawd, los xyuas kom meej all-round saib, nws yog tsim nyog los tsim plaub xws noj.

Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm tiav ntawm lub sij hawm luag version ntawm cov cua ntsawj ntshab centimeter chaw nres tsheb ua hauj lwm rau UHF system raug nres vim hais tias nws yog tsis tsim nyog. Engineers twb tau mus ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug loj-scale av chaw nres tsheb tag nrho cov tsim nyog kev txiav txim siab thiab los xyuas kom meej tias tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau. Txij li thaum 1968, lub engineers tsim cov khoom, ua tau hauj lwm heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv lub centimeter ntau yam. Rau thaum ntxov ceeb toom ntawm missile nres noj xaiv 'meter' tsis.

Yam ua ntej tsim

Nyob rau hauv 1969 RTI tau txais cov neeg ua hauj lwm los tsim ib yam ua ntej tsim ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb "Don H". Nws yog tsim nyog los sib sau ua ke tag nrho cov achievements muab los ntawm cov kev tshaj yav dhau los radar cov kev pab cuam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus neeg muas zaub, los ntawm lub Ministry ntawm kws muaj txuj ci ntawm lub Soviet Union muab rau pem hauv ntej ib tug ntau ntawm peb tes num uas yuav tsum tau RTI. Qhov teeb meem yog hais tias teev nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm yam ntxwv ntawm qhov siab thiab deb ntawm lub davhlau tracked lub hom phaj yog loj heev rau lub electronics ntawm lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv lub lig seventies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, txawm lub feem ntau txoj kev cov khoom yuav qhia tsis tau rau yawm precision mus taug thiab ua raws li ballistic lub hom phaj muaj nyob rau ntawm ib tug deb ntawm ntau tshaj li ob txhiab kilometers.

Yuav kom ua tau qhov no nws yog tsim nyog los nqa tawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm yooj yim kev tshawb fawb, thiab ces sim. Ces muaj ib tug tswv yim uas nthuav mus ua missile kws muaj txuj ci zauv, faib nws mus rau hauv ob-theem, txhua tus uas yuav tau txais nws tus kheej hom cuaj luaj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov kev siv ntawm ib tug radar taw qhia system rau ob hom ntawm cuaj luaj twb siab tau thiab kev lag kev luam zaum. Yuav kom txiav txim zaum kawg lawm thiab layout ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej radar designers coj ib co sij hawm. Tsuas yog rau tag nrho cov realization ntawm peb tes num twb launched nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1972.

Yuav kom radar tau ntsib tag nrho cov yuav tsum tau specifications, nws muaj rau equip ib tug tshiab tiam ntawm xam lub cev, uas txoj kev loj hlob pib ib txhij nrog tag tsim ntawm lub cev, "Don H". Tsis ntev multifunction radar Omnidirection centimeter ntau tau loj npaum li cas ntawm tus mob stroke uas tau dim mus no ib hnub. Nyob rau hauv kev, cov mej zeej RTI thaum kawg txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv lub tsev qauv: truncated plaub mog pyramid nrog phased array antennas rau txhua tus lub ntsej muag ntawm tus neeg antennas thiab cov square zoo los tswj antimissiles. Tsaug rau qhov tseeb muab xam los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub antennas tau muab ib tug ua tiav txheej txheem cej luam ntawm lub sab sauv hemisphere. Lub teb pom ntawm tus xov tooj cua yuav tsum muaj tshwj tsis yog tias lub hais tawm yam ntxwv ntawm radar teeb liab thiab struts.

kev kho me ntsis

Tsis ntev peb tes num twb tiav thiab tau txais ib co kev kho me ntsis. Cov nrhav tau mas muaj feem xyuam rau cov khoom, dab lub teeb. Tshwj xeeb rau koj khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv lub "Don H" yog tsim thiab tsim ib supercomputer hu ua "Elbrus-2". Txawm muab qhov tseeb hais tias qhov chaw nres tsheb computer system haum nrog lub siab heev tshaj plaws nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm electronics khoom yuav siv sij hawm ib tug me ntsis ntau tshaj li ib txhiab khoom. Yuav kom qhov no npaum li cas ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum txias, lub engineers tau muab ib tug tshwj xeeb system muaj tshav kub exchangers thiab kav xa dej. Tag nrho cov slowness ntawm cov yeeb nkab yog ob peb puas kilometers. Rau tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm radar khoom tau kev cob cog rua rau txhua lwm yam, nws coj txog nees nkaum txhiab kilometers ntawm cables.

siv

By 1978, peb tes num, uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog lub npe ntawm tus tshiab "Don-2N", yog npaj txhij rau cov theem kev tsim kho ntawm lub chaw nres tsheb. Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sij hawm ib tug zoo xws li cov complex ua tau nyob rau hauv lub Kazakh Sary-Shagan. Los ntawm sab nraum Moscow, nws yog txawv qhov ntev, cov khoom thiab, raws li ib tug tsim nyog tau, functionality.

Cov kev siv ntawm ib tug thaum ntxov ceeb toom radar "Don-2N" dragged nyob rau txog kaum xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no yog cov builders tau ntsia ntau tshaj 30 txhiab tons ntawm hlau lug, dej nyab ntau tshaj 50 txhiab tons ntawm vaj tse thiab teb cov leem hugest tooj ntawm cov kav dej, cables thiab lwm yam hais. Installation ntawm hluav taws xob khoom pib nyob rau hauv 1980 thiab lasted rau xya xyoo.

exploitation

Ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm ib xyoo pua tom qab pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm radar "Don-2N" twb launched. Nyob rau hauv 1989, nws pib los saib xyuas cov chaw yam khoom. Raws li official cov ntaub ntawv, lub qhov siab ntawm lub hom phiaj kom paub tias radar nyob ze Moscow mus txog plaub caug txhiab kilometers. Cov nrhiav kom tau ntau yam ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub intercontinental missile yog 3700 kilometers. Chaw nres tsheb transmitters muab pulsed hwj chim lub teeb liab ntawm mus txog 250 MW. Phased array antennas nrog xam system kev txiav txim angular coordinates ntawm lub hom phiaj mus txog 25 vib nas this ntawm arc. Txiav txim ntau yam kev ua yuam kev yog tsawg tshaj li 10 meters. Raws li rau ntau yam lus ceeb toom, lub radar "Don-2N" nyob rau hauv Moscow yog muaj peev xwm mus nrog ib puas khoom ib txhij thiab nyiaj tso ncaj lawv mus rau ib tug ob peb lub kaum os cuaj luaj. Tus qauv ntawm ib tug ua haujlwm teb xov tooj noj muaj xws li hais txog ib puas cov kws txawj.

Nyob rau hauv mines chaw nres tsheb ntsia missile qauv 53 T6. Lub hwj chim ntawm ib tug nuclear warhead yog 10 kilotons. Qhov ntev ntawm xws li ib tug missile yog 12 kg, thiab poob - 10 tons. Ntau lesion (raws li ntau qhov chaw) yog los ntawm 50 mus rau 100 kilometers, thiab lub qhov siab ntawm lub txhab - 45 kis lus mev. missile tshaj tawm yog 5.5 km / s, obviously, yog li nws yog hu ua tus sab hnub poob "Gesell".

Kev koom tes nrog rau lub tebchaws United States

Thaum xub thawj, precisely ntau txog rau thaum 1992, lub hav zoov thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog tshwj xeeb yog tsis qhia tawm. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo lub Soviet Union tau pom zoo nrog rau lub tebchaws United States nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab nrhiav kom tau tuition nrhiav khoom orbiting lub ntiaj teb. Qhov kev pab cuam lub npe hu ua Orbital khib nyiab radar Calibration spheres (ODERACS), uas translates li "Orbital khoom rau calibration ntawm radar tshuab uas taug qab qhov chaw junk."

Tus thawj xyaum ua tej yam yog mus rau lub caij ntuj no ntawm 1992, tab sis vim kev teeb meem, nws tsis muab qhov chaw. Tsuas yog ob xyoos tom qab, ib txoj kev kawm tau ua. Thaum lub sij hawm xyaum ua tej yam, hu ua ODERACS-1R US chaw shuttle Discovery tau ces muab pov tseg nyob rau hauv lub qhib qhov chaw rau khoom los ntawm cov hlau. Ob tug ntawm lawv muaj ib lub cheeb ntawm 5 cm, ob - 10 cm, thiab ob ntau - 15 cm. Tau ob peb lub hlis, lawv tau orbiting lub ntiaj teb. Tag nrho cov thaum lawv tab tom saib cov radar "Don-2N" thiab US radars. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, spheres nrog diameters ntawm 10 thiab 15 centimeters muaj cai ob American thiab Lavxias teb sab issledovateyami. Tab sis cov khoom nrog ib tug kab uas hla ntawm tsib centimeters sab xwb Lavxias teb sab radar.

Thaum lub sij hawm tom ntej no ODERACS-2 txoj kev tshawb no twb ces muab pov tseg rau hauv qhov chaw 3 ntawm lub pob 3 thiab lub dipole Reflector. Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov xyaum ua tej, lub Lavxias teb sab radar dua tsom nws zoo tshaj plaws sab. Nws radar pom qhov tsawg tshaj plaws lub hom phaj ntawm ib tug deb ntawm ob txhiab kilometers.

chaw nres tsheb nta

Notable nta radar "Don-2N" (Sofrino) yog:

1. Versatility. Nws muab nyob ze thiab nyob deb rau kev cuam tshuam ballistic lub hom phaj, cov nyiaj them yug, raws li zoo raws li lub kho ntaub ntawv pauv.
2. Lub high degree ntawm cov suab nrov tiv thaiv. Raws li cov nqaim tawg qauv antennas, ib tug loj selectivity, ib tug dav ntau zaus, tsis siv neeg compensators xub ntiag ntawm cuam tshuam, siv tshwj xeeb probing teeb liab thiab tseem mus txawv rhiab heev ntawm lub directional teeb liab mus rau cuam qhov chaw.
3. Adapting rau hloov cov tactical teeb meem no. Nws yog tiav los ntawm cov muaj peev xwm mus hloov hom, cov nqi thiab cov ib thaj tsam ntawm cov kev pab hom phiaj ntsiab.
4. High raug ntsuas lub hom phiaj txoj kev, nyias muaj nyias kev ntsuas lub hom phiaj tswj nyob rau hauv lub tsib raws.
5. Muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas thiab taug qab sai tsiv rua lub hom phaj thiab unobtrusive.
6. Cov theem siab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Pib ntsais koj teeb.
7. Cov modular tsim.
8. Lub high degree ntawm automation.

Danger cheeb tsam ntawm radar "Don-2N"

Thaum lub radar yog ua hauj lwm, nyob ze nws yog txwv tsis pub. Kev puas tsuaj rau kev noj qab nyob los ntawm cov radar "Don-2N" yog txuam nrog muaj zog tawg. Hais lus nyob rau hauv txhua hnub lus, "Don-2N" yuav muab piv nrog ib tug loj loj microwave. Tsuas hais tias cov kub yog tsis sab hauv, thiab muaj, qhov twg lub emitter ntog - nraum zoov. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yog zoo kawg nkaus muaj kev ruaj ntseg hauv. Rau cov neeg uas vim muab tau sab nraum, tshwj xeeb kev tiv thaiv nrov plig plawg ua.

Kaum feeb ua ntej lub teeb liab yog muab cov chaw nres tsheb, uas ua tim khawv rau qhov tseeb hais tias neeg ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau tawm hauv lub cheeb tsam surrounding. Huv kev tiv thaiv cheeb tsam rau radar "Don-2N" yog ib tug kilometer. Txawm li cas los, qhov kev koom ntawm ib tug deb ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb tsis muaj. Nws nruab nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb underground qhov, qhov chaw uas koj ua tau tawm lub ua hauj lwm cov chaw nres tsheb, tsis tau tawm hauv yus tsam.

tej zaum

Cov yooj yim npaum li cas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub peevxwm thiab nta ntawm cov kev pab cuam qhov chaw nres tsheb "Don-2N" tseem classified. Yog li ntawd, cov lus qhia txog lub complex, raws li ib tug txoj cai, yog scarce thiab fragmentary. Cuaj kaum, txawm nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm muaj ntaub ntawv yuav tau kawm. Tseem nrhiav pua pua ntawm lub hom phaj ib txhij qhia tau hais tias lub radar tus muaj peev xwm hais tias ib tug limited nuclear strike rau tus tiv thaiv cheeb tsam.

Nrhiav lub hom phiaj, qhov chaw nres tsheb nws tus kheej muaj peev xwm coj rau lawv rockets. Raws li rau ntau yam ntaub ntawv, lawv muaj pes tsawg mas nws txawv ntawm 25 mus rau 30. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm txaus cuaj luaj tam sim no tiv thaiv tej zaum RLS tej zaum yuav tsis raug siv rau tag nrho. Tab sis qhov no yog tsuas yog ib tug assumption, raws li nyob rau hauv lub muaj cov ntaub ntawv. Ib tug leej ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Moscow missile tiv thaiv tau lawm thiab tseem classified.