Qauv thiab cov kev cai ntawm evolution. evolutionary txheej txheem

Lom evolution implies ib tug natural evolution uas muaj sia nyob, uas yog nrog los ntawm kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub caj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm coob, raws li zoo raws li ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub adaptive zog, cov tsos ntawm cov tshiab hom thiab cov extinction ntawm cov laus. Tag nrho cov ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb hloov lub sij hawm ob ecosystems thiab cov biosphere raws li ib tug tag nrho.

Cov yooj yim kev tshawb xav

Muaj ntau ntau theories dab mechanisms uas evolutionary txheej txheem yog ua tau. Feem ntau cov kws tshawb fawb yog tam sim no ua phem rau cov khoom cua kev tshawb xav ntawm evolution (Ste), raws li nyob rau hauv lub merger ntawm pejxeem noob caj noob ces thiab Darwinism. Khoom cua ziag piav qhov link ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic change, uas yog, cov khoom ntawm evolution thiab natural xaiv (evolution mechanism). Lub evolutionary txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm no ziag no yog lub zaus hloov txheej txheem ntawm lub alleles ntawm txawv noob nyob rau hauv coob txog hom tshaj ob peb tiam.

Qauv thiab cov kev cai ntawm evolution

Cov evolution yog ib tug irreversible txheej txheem. Tej kab mob uas, los ntawm txuam nrog ntawm zoo change yuav hloov mus rau qhov tshiab tej yam kev mob, thaum rov qab los mus rau lub qub nruab nrab yuav tsum tau rov pass txoj kev adaptation. Ntxiv mus, tsis muaj hom tsis tau qoos tswm, Charles Darwin nws tus kheej sau hais tias txawm yog hais tias tus vaj tse yuav tsum yog tib yam li ua ntej, hloov zuj zuj ces hom yog tsis muaj peev xwm rov qab mus rau nws yav dhau los hauv lub xeev. Hais tias yog, tus tsiaj yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau rov qab los ntawm cov laus tej yam kev mob, tiam sis tsis qhov "laus" txoj kev.

Qhov no yuav tau yooj yim yuav pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv nrog lub dolphins. Lub sab hauv qauv ntawm lawv fins (nrog rau whale) khaws tej yam tshwm sim ntawm mammalian limb. Change nyob rau hauv cov noob pas dej ua ke ntawm tshiab tiam, thiaj tsis rov qab. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias dolphins thiab whales tau hloov cov vaj tse, thiab tsib-fingered nqua - mus rau lub fins, lawv yeej tseem cov tsiaj. Cia li zoo li cov tsiaj reptiles hloov zuj zuj los ntawm amphibians ntawm tej theem, tab sis txawm rov qab rau hauv lub qub chaw, lawv yuav tsis muab ntxiv rau amphibians.

Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm txoj cai no ntawm evolution: kev evergreen tsob nroj khaub rhuab. Nyob rau nws kav nyob kaj lug, loj thiab tuab nplooj uas yog cov ua tau hloov ceg. Qhov tseeb nplooj yog teev zoo li thiab muaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm no "stems." Ntawm qhov ntswg plaub ya ri thaum ntxov caij nplooj ntoos hlav paj zoo nkaus li, los ntawm uas ntxiv npaj lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Neeg tua tsiaj tau tshem ntawm cov nplooj nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov evolution, raws li ib tug tshwm sim tau muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau ntuj qhuav heev, tab sis, ces rov nkag mus rau hauv tus tsum ib puag ncig, tab sis es tsis txhob ntawm no nplooj twb hloov stems.

inhomogeneity

Cov ntsiab lus uas evolution hais tias tus txheej txheem yog heev ua kev thiab yog tsis yog txiav txim los ntawm astronomical lub sij hawm. Piv txwv li, muaj cov tsiaj uas muaj unchanged pua pua lab ntawm xyoo. Nws crossopterygian ntses, Tuatara thiab sablehvost - nyob fossils. Tab sis nws tshwm sim hais tias speciation thiab variation tshwm sim sai heev. Nyob rau lub xeem 800 txhiab xyoo nyob rau hauv teb chaws Australia thiab nyob rau hauv lub Philippines, muaj cov tshiab hom ntawm nas, thiab lub pas dej Baikal thaum lub sij hawm lub xeem 20 lab lub xyoo tau enriched los ntawm 240 hom crabs, uas yog muab faib ua 34 tshiab genera. Tshwm sim los yog hloov cov hom tsis yog nyob ntawm seb lub sij hawm raws li xws li, tab sis yog txiav txim los ntawm cov tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab tus naj npawb ntawm ntau tiam. Hais tias yog, tus sai proliferating hom, lub siab dua tus nqi ntawm evolution.

kaw system

Dab xws li evolution, tej yam ntuj tso xaiv thiab hloov, yuav khiav ceev npaum li cas. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hais tias tus ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob yog tsis ruaj tsis khov. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv, lub qhov tsua dej, Islands tuaj thiab lwm yam raug rho tawm ib cheeb tsam ntawm evolution, tej yam ntuj tso xaiv thiab speciation tshwm sim heev maj mam. Qhov no piav txog cov fact tias muaj ntau ntses crossopterygian lab lub xyoo nyob twj ywm unchanged.

Kos dependence ntawm tus nqi ntawm evolution ntawm natural xaiv yog yooj yim heev kab. Nyob rau hauv lub thirties ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo los ntawm kab pib siv tshuaj lom tshuaj, tab sis tom qab ib tug ob peb xyoos muaj hom uas tau yoog mus rau yeeb tshuaj. Cov ntaub ntawv tau nyob ib tug tseem ceeb txoj hauj lwm thiab sai sai kis thoob plaws lub ntiaj chaw.

Rau cov kev kho mob ntawm ntau cov kab mob yog feem ntau siv zog tshuaj tua kab mob - penicillin, streptomycin, gramicidin. cov evolution ntawm cov kev cai rau noj cov nyhuv: nyob rau hauv lub forties, zaum tau sau tseg rau hauv lub rov tshwm sim ntawm kab mob resistant rau cov tshuaj no.

regularities

Muaj peb lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm evolution, convergence, divergence thiab parallelism. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub divergence tau ib tug gradual divergence ntawm intraspecific cov tsos mob uas nws thiaj li ua rau tshiab pawg ntawm cov neeg. Raws li qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab cov qauv ntawm cov zaub mov ntau lawm yog ua ntau pronounced, pawg pib mus disperse rau lwm qhov chaw. Yog hais tias ib cheeb tsam tau tso cai, tib xav tau kev pab nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, thaum lub khoom noj yuav tsum muaj tsawg, lawv yuav tsum tau tawm hauv lub site thiab kom hloov mus rau txawv tej yam kev mob. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv tib cheeb tsam, muaj hom uas txawv xav tau kev pab, cov kev sib tw ntawm lawv yog me npaum li cas.

Ib tug piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas lub evolutionary divergence ntawm tus txheej txheem - yog 7 mos lwj hom muaj feem xyuam rau txhua lwm yam: qhov no reindeer, mos lwj, elk, pom mos lwj, fallow mos lwj, lwj uas mos lwj thiab musk.

Hom nrog ib tug high degree ntawm divergence, muaj lub sij hawm mus rau tawm ntau zag thiab tsawg lwv nrog txhua lwm yam. Thaum tej yam tshwm sim ntawm divergence yog muaj zog, cov pejxeem yog muab faib mus rau hauv sub-hom, uas, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tej yam ntuj tso xaiv, tej zaum yuav nws thiaj li ua ib daim hom.

lub zej lub zos

Convergence kuj hu ua evolution nyob systems, uas tau nyob rau hauv lub ncaj hom tshwm sim zoo sib xws. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm convergence yog kev zoo sib thooj nyob rau hauv lub cev zoo ntawm dolphins (tsiaj), sharks (ntses) thiab ichthyosaurs (cov tsiaj reptiles). Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub hav zoov nyob rau hauv tib ib puag ncig thiab lub tib tej yam kev mob ntawm lub neej. Laza thiab chameleon agama dhau lawm yog tsis txheeb ze, tab sis zoo heev nyob rau hauv tsos. Lub tis yog kuj yog ib tug piv txwv ntawm convergence. Puav thiab noog lawv tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov lub forelegs, tab sis ib tug npauj npaim no yog ib tug tsim-up ntawm lub cev. Convergence yog heev ntawm cov hom ntau haiv ntawm cov ntiaj chaw.

parallelism

Lub sij hawm yog tau los ntawm cov Greek "parallelos", uas txhais tau tias "los tom ntej no", thiab cov lus txhais no yog ib tug zoo piav qhia txog cov ntsiab lus. Concurrency yog tus txheej txheem ntawm ywj siab nrhiav tau ntawm zoo xws li cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm cov zoo hais txog kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic pawg, uas tshwm sim vim muaj cov nta, pub los ntawm ntau pog koob yawg koob. Qhov no hom ntawm evolution yog dav faib nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm nws yog lub tsos ntawm fins zoo li pab kiag li lawm mus rau lub aqueous nruab nrab nyob rau hauv uas walruses otariids thiab phocids tsim nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus. Tsis tas li ntawd ntawm ntau winged kab muaj yog ib tug ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej tis elytra. Nyob rau hauv Crossopterygii muaj cov cim qhia ntawm amphibians thiab plaub-zoo li lizards, muaj cov cim qhia ntawm cov tsiaj. Lub xub ntiag ntawm parallelism qhia tsis tau tsuas yog txoj kev sib sau ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm hom, tab sis kuj lub hav zoov uas zoo xws li tej yam kev mob.