Boris Chertok, ib tug Soviet thiab Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij-designer: biography, writings

Nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua, Zog ntawm Guj kuj tau tsim ib tug tag nrho galaxy ntawm kev kawm ntawv, ci ntsa iab techies, uas nws pab mus rau lub conquest ntawm lub ntug tsis tau overemphasized. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias tus paub txog-designer Boris Evseevich Chertok yuav siv sij hawm ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lawv. Nws tshwj xeeb steel cim tsim "lub siab lub ntsws" cuaj luaj - tswj systems. Ntau xim nws them rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab satellite kev sib txuas lus.

Hloov lub nees nkaum-cuaj nyob rau hauv thawj

Tau yug los nyob rau hauv 1912, ua ntej lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, Chertok tuag tsis ntev los no (nyob rau hauv 2011). Nyob yuav luag ib xyoo pua thiab kom ciaj sia lub tsiv siab - nws yog tsim nyog nws! "Peb yuav tsum tau mus ua hauj lwm raws li ntev li sai tau rau cov kev pab ntawm zej zog - qhov no yog qhov pub leejtwg," - hais tias Chertok. Boris Evseevich biography uas pib nyob rau hauv Lodz (Poland hnub no, raws li yav tas los nyob rau ntawm pawg neeg thaj av ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws), tuaj mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm tus nees nkaum-cuaj ntawm Lub ob hlis ntuj. Ua pov thawj pog koob yawg koob hais tias ua ntej ntawm lub peb hlis ntuj.

1914 - ib lub sij hawm thaum cov ndlwg ntawm cov neeg tawg rog khiav lub horrors hais tias nqa lub ntiaj teb ua ntej ua tsov ua rog. Khiav deb ntawm qhov txaus ntshai scenes ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lodz, nqa nyob rau hauv nws caj npab ib tug tub hluas, cov niam txiv xav li cas txog tsuas yog ib yam: yuav ua li cas ciaj sia. Xyoo tom qab, tus me nyuam tub yuav ib tug academician, cosmic ntse heev. Lub npe ntawm lub Hero ntawm Socialist Labor, yas dhos ntawm ntau yam khoom plig muaj tsis tau tsuas yog ib daim ntawv teev "qhov zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab aircraft designers," tab sis nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no qeb duas ntawm qhov chaw explorers teb.

Tej yam txaus siab Chertok txheej txheem sawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Devyatiletki nws kawm tiav nyob rau hauv 1929. Txawm li cas los, ib lub xyoo dhau los nyob rau hauv lub magazine "xov tooj cua tag nrho cov" tuaj thawj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug yooj yim Soviet me nyuam tub (universal raj xov tooj cua).

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev mus rau lub high school diploma

Nyob rau hauv kaum cuaj puas thirtieth xyoo ntawm tus tub hluas tuaj mus rau lub teb chaws lub loj tshaj plaws aviation enterprise - cov nroj tsuag tooj 22. MEI (Energy lub koom haum) kawm tiav xwb nyob rau hauv lub forties nrog ib tug degree nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering. By lub sij hawm tus tshiab khiv-specialist khoom vaj khoom tsev twb tsis muaj ib tug patent rau qhov tseem ceeb kev daws teeb meem (lawv supersereznye coj tsawg kawg yog ib tug tsis siv kev tso cai iav, tus qhev ntse electronics).

Trust ntawm lug txhawb cov miv, "ua ntej ntawm" ib tug high school diploma. Nyob rau hauv ib txhiab cuaj pua peb caug-tsib xyoo lub feemxyuam ib feem-lub sij hawm cov tub ntxhais kawm (ua ntej thaum xaus ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv hloov mus rau lub nruab hnub) engineers nyob rau hauv KB, qhov twg ib tug huab tais thiab yog ib tug vajtswv yog Victor Bolkhovitinov (nrog 1936 Tsim Bureau ua rau cov cheeb tsam ntawm tsob nroj tooj 84, nyob rau hauv 1939 - nyob rau hauv enterprise № 293 Khimki).

Ntawm no Boris Chertok ua hauj lwm tag nrho tsov rog xyoo, txij li thaum kaum cuaj forties. Ib tug nplua nuj khiav ntaub ntawv muaj cov lus qhia nram qab: ib tug kws nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob khoom (lead engineer), nws yog npaj txhij rau ya winged tsheb ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej uas kov yeej lub North Ncej (lub taub hau "pervoprolettsev" - Michael Vodopianov) thiab ntes cov tsheb Sigismund Levanevskogo, qhov twg siab tawv ua ib tug nonstop davhlau USSR - America.

Cov kev khiav tawm

Nyob rau hauv Bolhovitinovskom KB Boris Evseevich tsim cim tej yaam num hluav taws xob. Raws li rau lawv, hauv cov All-Union Electrotechnical lub koom haum sau kuaj seev raug rau stringent xeem. Cov tawm tiam sis ntawm tub rog cov khoom yuav tsum tau hnyav bombers nruab nrog rau feem ntau txhim khu kev qha aircraft generators thiab electric motors AC.

Muaj coob tus neeg paub lub npe ntawm Academician Claudia Shenfera. Nws mus hauv lub tuam tsev ntawm hluav taws xob cav Electric lub koom haum thiab kev txhawb rau cov hluas tshwj xeeb. Cov kauj ruam rau kev tus thawj aircraft tshuab cog lus zoo. Tab sis cua daj cua dub huab twb sib sau ua ke: tsov rog tsoo tawm tawm tsam invaders.

Nyob rau hauv kaum cuaj plaub caug-ib, qhov tseem ceeb tiv thaiv qhauj tau evacuated mus rau lub rear. Muaj ntau cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab yooj yim cov khoom ntawm cov nroj tsuag tooj 293 NII-1 NCAP ib ntus nyob Bilimbai Sverdlovsk cheeb tsam. Boris Chertock recalled ntau li ntau lub cev ua hauj lwm nyob rau ntawm ib cov cua kub rho tawm 50 degrees, ib tug kev yoo mov (coj awd yog tsis txais kev cawmdim).

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1945 nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees nrog ib qhov kev pab daim ntawv thov xa tshwj xeeb cov pab pawg neeg ntawm kws tshawb fawb. Peb yuav tsum tau maj mam tshawb lub qab German Rocketry. Cov pab neeg twb mus los ntawm Chertok. Boris Evseevich honorably tau txais kev pab ib lub hom phiaj ua ntej lub thib ob nyob rau hauv 1947. Nws thiab Alexei Mikhailovich Isaev ua hauj lwm ib qho nyuaj rau Thuringia, tshuaj rog yeej xwb powers ntawm lub USSR, lub tuam txhab qhib "Tus Raven" ( "cov tub qhe"). Lub ntiaj teb no nteg nyob rau hauv ruins tom qab tsov rog, thiab tshaj li lub pace ntawm lub Soviet-German foob pob ua ntxaij lub koom haum nyob rau hauv Nazi citadel!

Lub Peb Reich nyob rau hauv 1944-m foob pob ua ntxaij kev lag luam ua niaj hnub kev lag luam. Stunning txoj kev loj hlob ntawm German zaum thawb rau nce ua si daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub USSR thiab lub tebchaws United States. Chertock thiab nws cov npoj yaig tau tsim resistant ntaus ntawv rau tiv cav tseb ntawm cov roj-huab cua sib tov. Nyuaj nrhiav yog ib tug avant-garde system. Electric ignition LRE (kua los yog tshuaj foob pob ua ntxaij xyaw) yog ib tug txhob. Novelty tej nyob rau hauv ib txhiab cuaj puas thiab plaub caug ob, tsim kom muaj nyob ze-fighter "B-1" (Creator poj koob yawm txwv - thiab Bereznyak Isaev). Cov roj siv nitric acid thiab kerosene.

tej lub rooj sib tham

NII-1 tsim ib qho tseem ceeb cov kev taw qhia, "av-av" cuaj luaj tswj system chav kawm ntawv (intercontinental ballistic ntev-ntau). Nyob rau hauv 1946, nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm "Rab" pib lub koom haum "Nordhausen" (nws kuj muaj "Montana", uas tso tawm "V-22, thiab yog lub hauv paus Leestene) Lub npe ntawm lub Chief Engineer ntawm lub tuam txhab tom qab kawm tag nrho ntiaj chaw -. SP Korolev (Chief designer ntawm foob pob ua ntxaij thiab qhov chaw kev lag luam ntawm lub USSR).

Txij li thaum 1946 thiab kom txog thaum 1950, Boris Evseevich ua ke lub ob txoj hauj lwm: nws yog deputy Chief Designer Sergei Korolev thiab lub taub hau ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm kev tswj systems NII-88 Dept. ntawm lub Armed Forces ntawm lub Union ntawm Soviet Socialist republics. Nyob rau hauv 1951 - Lub taub hau Thawj Tsim Bureau tswj systems. Nto moo Lavxias teb sab aircraft designers Chertok, Korolyov thiab ua hauj lwm ze nrog lub hnub yos rau tus tuag ntawm ib tug ntawm lawv (cov tom kawg yog tsis nyob rau hauv 1966).

Qhov thib ob lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov thawj neeg

"Tig-off" los ntawm lub NII-88 (1956) yog ib kauj ruam ntawm ib tug tshiab kev ywj siab lub tuam txhab hu ua "Seb tsim Bureau naj npawb 1". Los ntawm 1957 mus 1963. Boris Chertok - txoj cai txhais tes Sergeya Koroleva, cov thawj ntawm no cim lub koom haum.

D. t. N. Chertok nyob rau hauv 1963 tau nce mus rau deputy thawj tug neeg nyob rau lub scientific enterprise. ua hauj lwm thiab ib txhij mus rau hauv lub ceg naj npawb 1, uas yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias los tsim satellites thiab lawv tswj systems. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus poj huab tais los ua chief designer Vasily Mishin. Tej thiab wisest Boris Chertok yog nws deputy, ntxiv rau saib xyuas txoj CDB Seb Engineering.

Los ntawm 1974 mus 1992. - Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm (tom qab General) constructor scientific-industrial complex "Zog" rau cov kev tswj tshuab (SPC - hu ua OKB-1, ces TSBKEM taws los V. Mishin, nyob rau hauv txawv xyoo, Glushko, Semenov).

yog qhov tseem ceeb

Nrog ib txhiab cuaj puas thiab cuaj caum xyoo peb thiab ua ntej tawm hauv lwm lub ntiaj teb (2011) ace tej zaum "hluav taws nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb," Boris Chertok tsis tu ncua muab tswv yim pab rau cov kev designer ntawm foob pob ua ntxaij thiab qhov chaw Corporation "Energia" lub npe hu ua tom qab S. P. Koroleva (hu ua - OKB-1 ).

Tracing cov kauj ruam ntawm ib tug ntev kev mus ncig, xaus qhia nws tus kheej: tag nrho cov kev ua ub no ntawm ib tus paub txog thiab ib tug engineer - yog lub realization ntawm xaiv yaam kev npaj tswj equipping rockets thiab spacecraft xws tswj levers, uas yuav ua rau lawv muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm qhov ntev davhlau.

Lub tsev kawm ntawv tsim ib tug ci ntsa iab tus paub txog, tseem zoo siab rau nws taw qhia kom paub nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab kev qhia. Nyob rau nws raug kev txiav txim nyob rau theem mus txog los ntawm cov domestic chaw technology, manned los ntawm tus txiv neej. Chertok tsim ib lub hom phiaj ntawm lub immutability ntawm lug, lub koom haum ntawm zus tau tej cov kauj zog thiab actuators.

Tag nrho ywj siab thiab united

lus nug yooj yim txiav txim siab tsa lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev tshawb xav thiab technology ntawm foob pob ua ntxaij thiab qhov chaw tsav. Nws los ua tau los tsim txoj mechanisms rau docking ships nyob hydraulics nrog cov tswj thiab tshaj. Tus txiv neej muaj peev xwm mus tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv txheej chaw.

Chertok Boris Evseevich thiab nws cov npoj yaig tsim cov qauv rau kev tsim autonomous pab kiag li lawm raws li ib feem ntawm ib tug unified system ntawm intercontinental cuaj luaj. Lawv enormous project ua kev muaj tiag rockets rau launching lub payload (xov xwm).

Zoo peb pib kawm cov qhov tso zis faib qauv ntawm ua hauj lwm ntawm kev khoom thiab lug (kev ntseeg kev tshawb xav). Lawv pib hais cov ua rau thiab cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem. Zoo leap tau coj mus rau lub tsos ntawm cov R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile. Ntxiv hauv paus ntsiab lus zoo tag nrho nyob rau hauv lub kev hloov kho ntawm qhov txuj ci no rau cov tub rog cov khoom.

Nco ntsoov tag nrho, kuv nco tag nrho cov

Nyob rau hauv 1999 nws luam tawm ib phau ntawv luam tawm uas cas mus rau plaub monographs. Txij thaum ntawd los thiab txog tam sim no nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws neeg muag khoom, "Space encyclopedia" uas npau suav kom tau cov kws txawj los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws, tsheej lab ntawm zoo tib yam kev txawj nyeem ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cover ntawm uncomplicated tso tawm kom pom: "B. E. Chertok" Rockets thiab cov neeg "." Lub tswvyim yog yooj yim, tiam sis nyuaj!

Tus poj niam ntawm lub designer Catherine Golubkina (1910-2004) hais tias nws tus txiv, uas nws ua hauj lwm hauj lwm rau ntau xyoo muab zais nyob rau hauv lub "dej num," hais tias lub xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg uas nrog nws ua hauj lwm sab ntawm sab. Mas zaum tau tsim cov foob pob ua ntxaij thiab qhov chaw science, tsim yav tas los tsis paub hais tias ceg ntawm kev lag luam.

Ua ntej lub inhabitants ntawm lub XXI xyoo pua tuaj lub zoo tshaj plaws puas ntawm lub tsim ntawm lub lag luam. Tom qab nyeem ntawv cov thawj lub ntim, nws yog tau mus kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv kom meej lub chav kawm ntawm ib tug tibneeg hu tauj coob duel yog vim li cas: Soviet zaum tiv thaiv cov British thiab American tshwj xeeb.

Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv xov tooj 2 Designer hais lus txog tus kub lub sij hawm ua ntej lub community launch txog ib tug spacecraft orbiting lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv ib tug geocentric orbit (artificial satellite), nyob rau flights zoo heev li, rau pem hauv ntej mus rau lub hli, Venus, Mars. Kuj muaj ob peb nplooj ntawv siab mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm lub "East", nqa mus rau hauv tus tsis paub deb mus ncig, Yuri Gagarin.

lus rau xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv

Nyob rau hauv lub thib peb volume, Boris Chertok piav li cas ib tug Soviet txiv neej yog ib tug tho kev nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm orbital noj. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob thiab nyob rau hauv lub USSR tau sau ntau cov khoom thiab cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm yeej socialism qhov chaw pab cuam. Muaj yog ib qho tswv yim hais tias puas rau ntawm academician Boris Chertok los ua cov feem ntau tuav, ncauj lus kom ntxaws. Cov phau ntawv "Lub foob pob ua ntxaij thiab tus txiv neej" dua reprinted nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws thiab txawv teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv lub xeem, plaub monograph paub txog yog ib tug fascinating zaj dab neeg txog qhov kev pab cuam, yuav tsum vov lub sij hawm los ntawm 1968 mus 1974, thaum ib tug tom qab lwm raws li lub yeej ntawm Americans nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub ntiaj teb tus nyob ze satellite - rau lub hli.

Ib tug ntawm cov txawv nta ntawm no volume yog ib tug paub piav qhia txog ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Soviet project, uas pib yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv 1970 nrog rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub chaw nres tsheb "Salyut" thiab twb nrog ib tug multi-module "Mir" complex (1980).

Cov tseem nco tshooj hais txog cov xwm txheej no ntawm "Soyuz-11", uas tua cosmonauts Dobrovolsky, Volkov thiab Patsaev. Cov phau ntawv xaus nrog qhov kev piav qhia ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub N-1 qhov kev pab cuam thiab cov me nyuam yug ntawm tus ISS "Energia-Buran" nyob rau hauv Glushko. Nws captures lub tswv yim pom mus rau hauv cov nom tswv, kev siv technology tshiab, thiab tus kheej kev tsis sib haum ntawm ib lub sij hawm thaum lub Soviet qhov chaw pab cuam ntawd nyob rau hauv nws zenith.

Nyob rau hauv ob txhiab cuaj, cov thawj channel ntawm Lavxias teb sab TV tsa ib premiere ntawm ib tug documentary TV Roskosmos "Boris Chertok. Txhaj tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub ntug. " Ib tug zoo txiv neej, yas dhos ntawm ntau yam khoom plig, peb lub siab ntawm tag nrho cov engineers ntawm lub neej tshiab nimno era, raws li ib txwm, twb qhia qhov tseeb, tsis ua phem rau leej twg, tsis cem, xav txog cov neeg ciaj thiab yaam puab paub. Nyob rau hauv lub xeem ncej, nws apologized rau cov hluas zaum rau lub fact tias nws tiam yuav cawm tsis tau ib tug muaj hwj huam loj - cov USSR.