Puas muaj tsiaj txhu nyob rau hauv yug me nyuam rau saib txoj kev?

Ntau ceg ntawm science kev soj ntsuam txog cov yug me nyuam cultivars, breeds ntawm ua liaj ua teb cov tsiaj thiab kab mob kab mob los siv ob qho tib si tsoos thiab tawm txoj kev thiab cov tswv yim kev kawm. Lawv yuav feem ntau yog nyob ntawm seb tus kwv xaiv ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, kev thwmsim nrog nroj tsuag, ib tus paub txog yuav siv loj xaiv los yog txoj kev saib, whereas nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj los yog kab mob xws hom kev kawm yog siv xwb, thiab tej zaum kuj tsis siv rau tag nrho cov.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm no yog los qhia ntxiv rau lo lus nug ntawm seb daim ntawv no ntawm chaw ua taus zes, raws li ib txoj kev ntawm mentoring, nws yog raws tau thiab suab tau los tsim tshiab los yog txhim kho uas twb muaj lawm breeds ntawm cov nyuj, npua thiab nqaij qaib.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tsiaj yug me nyuam rau

Lug paub nyob rau hauv lub scientific lub zej lub zos lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Charles Darwin "hloov nyob rau hauv domestic tsiaj thiab cultivated nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv tus ntawm domestication," sau nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua puv 19, nws yog tseem yuav tsum tau nyeem ntawv rau tag nrho cov galaxy ntawm niaj hnub zaum koom nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim ua ub no. Nws qhia tau lub ntsiab yug me nyuam rau cov hom kev kawm: hybridization, heterosis thiab inbreeding raws li dag xaiv.

Nyob rau hauv thwmsim nrog cov tsiaj nws yog zam mus thov loj heev daim ntawv no, raws li ib tug khub ntawm niam txiv cov neeg feem ntau yog muab ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm hybrids, txhua muaj ib tug tej yam muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas sib npaug. Cia peb tsis txhob hnov qab tias rau cov tswv cuab ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov noog thiab cov tsiaj, uas yeej yog cov tseem ceeb tej khoom ntawm chaw ua taus zes, yam ntxwv xwb ntawm kev sib deev tu tub tu kiv. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias txoj kev raws li nyob rau hauv vegetative ntaub ntawv (cuttings, budding, grafting), rau cov tsiaj yog tsis tsim nyog. Yuav kom nrog rau lo lus nug ntawm seb puas yuav siv nyob rau hauv yug me nyuam rau cov tsiaj cob qhia txoj kev yuav muaj kuab mus thawj nrhiav tau tawm lub essence ntawm cov txheej txheem no.

kawm txoj kev

Cov koj Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij breeder I. V. Michurin, ci ntsa iab kev tshawb fawb uas twb siv rau lub ntiaj teb science, THOV tsom vegetative rapprochement ntawm ob nroj tsuag ntawm txawv ntau yam. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub ob cov neeg pib mus kis tau tshiab rau koj tus kheej cov yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom. Piv txwv li, hloov lub cev, los yog xim ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, raws li tau zoo raws li lawv cov flavoring zoo. Los ntawm grafting nyob rau hauv lub crown ntawm cov nroj tsuag rootstock, I. V. Michurin muaj peev xwm los tsim ib qho chaw nyob rau hauv uas lub ntsug tus kav pib tau txais cov as-ham los ntawm niam txiv noog.

Tag nrho cov no yog cov kawg tshwm sim yog los mus hloov lub chav kawm ntawm metabolic tshua nyob hauv hlwb thiab cov nqaij mos grafted cuttings, thiab chaw pib nws phenotypic yam ntxwv. Qhov saum toj no-piav txoj kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ua lub npe hu nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag yuav nteg qe raws li ib tug txoj kev cob qhia.

Piv txwv ntawm cov creation ntawm tshiab ntawm ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo

Ib qho ntawm thawj ua I. Michurin nyob rau hauv 1908, yog ib tug ntau yam ntawm Kua-Kitaika Bellefleur. Raws li cov scion sapling breeder coj lub American ntau yam Bellefleur daj nrog koj tsw. Yub rootstock tau txais kev pab Kitaika loj-fruited - Lub zos ntau ntau yam tso tawm rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Central Russia. Nws lub ntsiab zoo twb txias kuj thiab kuj mus kab mob loj Kua - kiav txhab thiab powdery pwm. Thov cov qauv ntawm cov tus neeg cob qhia, cov scholar raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm hybridization yog ib tug tshiab ntau yam, qhov zoo tshaj plaws yoog mus rau hnyav climatic tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb latitudes, ua ke nrog siab saj txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Michurinist Kua ntau yam muaj ib tug snow-dawb cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm Sweet saj nrog maj me aroma.

Nyob rau hauv no kab lis kev cai rau ntau tshaj ib xyoo pua tseem yuav zus nyob rau hauv private tsev neeg, tsis tsuas zog ntawm Guj kuj, tab sis kuj Ukraine, Armenia, lub North Caucasus republics. Gardeners txaus siab no ntau yam kuj yog rau li qhia siv kuj high loo thiab kuj mus te. Nyob rau hauv yug me nyuam rau qhov chaw nres tsheb thiab nurseries ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo seedlings Bellefleur-paj rwb khoom kuj yog siv raws li ib tug rootstock nyob rau hauv lub hybridization txheej txheem, vim li ntawd nws yog tsim txog 13 tshiab ntau ntau yam.

Aims thiab cov hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm ntawv tau txais directional hybrid nroj tsuag

Raws li cov saum toj no cov lus tseeb, nws yuav ntshiab heev ib qho tseem ceeb sim ua hauj lwm I. V. Michurina, uas tsis tau tsuas tsim tus neeg cob qhia txoj kev, tab sis kuj ua rau nws ib tug ntawm cov uas nyob rau hauv yug me nyuam ntawm tshiab ntawm ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo cov qoob loo.

Sim kawm successors paub txog - E. S. Stroeva, E. N. Sedova thiab lwm yam neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov-Lavxias teb sab Scientific Research lub koom haum ntawm yug me nyuam rau txiv hmab txiv ntoo cov qoob loo sau ua ke lub hom phiaj kom ua tau tiav raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm txoj kev tswj kev kawm ntawv ntawm hybrid seedlings.

Qhov loj tshaj ntawm no muaj xws li: leveling phiv phenotypic zoo nyob rau hauv hybrid cov neeg, raws li tau zoo raws li phiaj rau yam thaj chaw rau ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag ua ntau ntau yam. Generalizing cov kev tshwm sim heev heev tsob nroj yuav nteg qe, tus neeg tshawb fawb tuaj rau qhov kev nkag siab ntawm tej yam kev cai uas nrog rau kev siv ntawm cov tshuaj txhaj nyob rau hauv xyaum. Cia peb kawm lawv nyob rau hauv kom meej.

Tej yam kev mob rau muab vegetative hybrids

Siv cov qauv ntawm cov tus neeg cob qhia nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj yug me nyuam rau, nws yog tsim nyog los noj mus rau hauv tus account lub cai nram qab no:

• nroj tsuag, uas tau soj caum los yog cos (scion) yuav tsum yog vegetatively hluas, tsis muaj cov laus tshaj 1-2 xyoo, thiab raws li ib tug neeg cob tau ntau xyoo ntawm kev siv lub tawv los ntawm tsob ntoo;
• nyob ze vegetative inoculum khiav tas muab khaws cia tseg ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ceg rootstock, muab cawv rau phenotypic sijhawm educability nroj tsuag.

Vim mus rau saum toj tej yam kev mob breeders tsis tau tsim nyob rau hauv txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo cov qoob loo kev lag kev luam zoo zog. Raws li ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau nrov thiab ntau txoj kev ntawm yug me nyuam tshiab ntau ntau yam ntawm cov qoob loo, hom no, hmoov tsis, yog tseem tsis zoo to taub los ntawm niaj hnub biochemists thiab cytology.

cov ntaub so ntswg Engineering

Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm yug me nyuam cov tsiaj siv nyob rau hauv tus qauv ntawm tus neeg cob qhia los yog tsis, cov lus teb no tsis muaj. Nthuav nyob rau hauv no hwm yog cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv biotechnology txog clone, i.e. lub synthesis ntawm matrix (ib los yog ntau tshaj Somatic hlwb), ib tug ua tiav daim ntawv ntawm ib tug kab mob. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub analogy nrog lub vegetative hais tawm ntawm tsob nroj kab mob daim ntawv no, raws li cov tsiaj derived clone muaj homogeneous genotype hlwb. Sim kawm nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab genetic engineering yog nqa tawm los ntawm loj hlob rau lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug as nruab nrab. Chromosomes cores muab tag nrho raws roj ntsha cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug kab mob, uas txhais tau tias koj yuav tau txais ib tug cia li ib cell indefinitely loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg - daim ntawv luam.

Yam ntxwv tsiaj yug me nyuam rau kev kawm

I. V. Michurin tsim ib tug neeg cob txoj kev heev dua lwm yam rau siv nyob rau hauv thwmsim nrog tsob nroj kab mob, yog tias koj xav, nws yog ib tug txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo cov qoob loo. Raws li peb hais ua ntej lawm, tsiaj cov kev tshawb fawb muaj nws tus kheej specifics. Thawj thiab foremost yog tus tsis muaj vegetative hais tawm nyob rau hauv ntau dua vertebrates.

Peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lawv lub cev yog yus muaj los ntawm high degree ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm tag nrho cov nruab nrog cev thiab tshuab, li ntawd, ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv ib tug kev zoo losis phem kev lub cev nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug neeg cob yuav inevitably ua rau mob loj teeb nyob rau hauv lub tshuab txuam anatomically thiab physiologically. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, cov kev siv yuav tsim nyog mus ua hauj lwm nrog cov tsiaj hauv qab no txoj kev, namely: inbreeding (inbreeding) thiab nyob deb hybridization. Keeb kwm siv los tsim huv si cov kab thiab ntxiv tau cov nyhuv ntawm heterosis thiab lub thib ob yog siv rau deriving ib tug tshiab tsiaj breeds.