Qhov tseem zas hlau - kub

Kub - yog lub feem ntau nrov hlau nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai, nyob rau hauv kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Rau muaj lawv nchuav ntws ntawm cov ntshav, flashed tsev neeg quarrels thiab txawm kev tsov kev rog tau tiv thaiv. Nws tseem ceeb rau tag nrho tib neeg kev vam meej yog raws li nyob rau hauv nws cov cim tshuaj thiab lub zog, nyob rau hauv peculiarities ntawm lub sab hauv kev teeb tsa.

Kub - yog lub feem ntau zas hlau. Qhov no zoo ua rau nws nrov qhov txhia chaw los ntawm hniav nyiaj hniav kub ntaub ntawv mus rau microelectronics.

Qhov tseem "hlau" hlau

Qhov kub mloog zoo tag nrho ntawm cov feem ntau pom tseeb nta uas zaum hu hlau. Rau hluav taws xob conductivity, nws yog zaum ob tsuas yog mus nyiaj, tooj liab thiab dawb palladium. Thermal conductivity - tib yam nyiaj, tooj liab thiab cobalt. Los ntawm muaj peev xwm mus nqus kub zog yog zaum ob tsuas yog mus kub kab txawv Bismuth, mercury thiab nyiaj tom ntej. Rau lwm "hlau" zog - malleability thiab lub teeb thiaj - nws yog ib tug tau zus ib. Kub - yog lub feem ntau zas hlau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, thiab nws glitter - lub tswvyim ntawm tus legendary.

Lub molecular qauv ntawm kub yog tseem heev "hlau". Nws yog ib tug geometrically kev lattice nrog zoo ions nyob rau hauv cov ntshav thiab ib tug tuab huab ntawm concentration "e" ntawm cov roj therebetween. Qhov no yog ib feem atom roos free electrons, pov tseg nyob rau hauv cov txheej zog. Lawv tsim ib tug txaus nyiam quab yuam ntawm cov ntxaij ntoo ntshav uas muab lub peev xwm los deform cov hlau tsis muaj cuam tshuam rau lub zuag qhia tag nrho kev ncaj ncees. Qhov ntawd yog txoj kev feem ntau zas hlau.

Kev txiav txim ntawm plasticity

Los ntawm cov Greek Πλαστική ( "sculpting", "molding") los lo lus "yas", uas tau muab rau cov hauv paus hniav rau lwm tus neeg uas muaj feem rau qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug khoom. Plasticity - Khoom State cuab yeej hloov lub zoo thiab loj thiab khaws residual deformation tom qab txiav ntawm sab nraud rog tsis tau hloov lub ntim thiab So.

Rau co, nws yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yam ntxwv uas tso cai rau kom siv rau lawv nyob rau hauv xyaum. Tsis muaj tus muaj peev xwm mus muab lub workpieces ua los ntawm cov hlau lub Desired zoo nws yuav tsis yooj yim sua rau txawm qhov nyuaj ntawm txhua hnub khoom. Kub - lub feem ntau zas hlau, thiab cov khoom thereof - yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm dab tsi zoo lawm koj yuav ua tau raws txoj cai txaus khoom mus rau forging, siab dov, stretch, nqus, thiab lwm yam Rov Qab lub siab ntawm cov vaj tse ntawm cov khoom yog nkig ...

ductility xeem

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau ductility feem ntau txhais nyob rau hauv zoo li qub kev ntsuam xyuas. Qhov loj tshaj yog lub tensile xeem. Yuav kom nrhiav tau tawm uas yog cov zas hlau, yuav tsum tau raug mus xws li ib feem sib npaug zos loj kuaj nyob rau hauv uas zoo sib xws kub tej yam kev mob. deformation kom muaj nuj nqis uas yog tau withstand hlau tshem me me ua ntej kev sib tawg, - ib lub hom phiaj kev ntsuas ntawm ductility.

Txog zauv qhia ntawm lub tensile kuaj yog ob tug loj tshaj. Elongation - qhov feem pua ntawm lub zog ntev ntawm tus qauv tom qab cov kis los ntawm qhov deformation mus rau tus thawj. Qhov tseem zas hlau - kub - muaj tus nqi - 65%. Kev sib piv: lub hlau - 40-50 ntawm txhuas - 30-40.

Qhov thib ob qhov taw qhia ntawm plasticity - txheeb ze narrowing ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig-sectional qauv. Kub muaj ib tug thawj zaug seem ntawm tus qauv 90% ntau tshaj li nws muaj ua ntej tus so. Nyob rau hauv txhuas, qhov no daim duab - 80% ntawm tooj liab - 75%.

Mos, zas thiab check

Raws li cov Mohs scale ntawm hardness ntawm lub kub npaum li cas - 2.5-3.7. Nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv no hlau yog considerably softer ntau hom ntaub ntawv thiab scratched nrog ib tug riam los yog rau tes. Yog li ntawd, kom tsis txhob ceev ceev coj kub khoom, rau lawv cov raug hlau ntxiv Ligature tshwj xeeb reinforcing hais, feem ntau nyiaj los yog tooj liab. Muaj kub thiab teeb meem impurities. Qhov tseem zas hlau nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm hmoov txhuas, platinum, cadmium los yog leej faj yuav nkig.

Cov softness ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb xwm ntawm kub, nws yog complemented los ntawm nws cov toughness thiab ductility. Yooj Yim ntawm molding thiab ua kom paub meej complemented theem ntawm tensile zog - 3300 kg / cm ^2. Qhov no thaum lawv tseem cim ntawm lub cev thiab txhua yam khoom uas kub yog siv rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm. Piv txwv li - kub nplooj.

Ncaws nyob rau hauv Russia Croutes dawb huv kub ...

Dua li ntawm qhov ntev keeb kwm ntawm kub, qhov no hlau yeej ib txwm tau koom rau cov tsawg tsawg thiab zoo zoo nkauj tshooj. Nws yog lub feem ntau zas hlau. Qhov no zoo ua rau cov kev siv cov kub ci rau cov hniav sab hauv hais, los yog txawm mus them rau cov nqi zoo lub tsev teev ntuj ncaws. Heev me ntsis precious hlau yuav tsum tau rau txheej ib tug loj cheeb tsam ntawm 1 gram ntawm lub phaj yuav ua tau ib daim ntawv uninhibited cheeb tsam ntawm 1 m ^2.

Txawm phau ntawv txoj kev ua los xij rau kub plating ua rau nws tau mus cuag ib tug tuab ntawm ib tug thousandth ntawm ib millimeter. Qhov no thickness tso cai rau lub kub platelets los lo rau ntawm qhov chaw vim molecular attraction. Lub tshuab rau cov tinsel ho paub. Tam sim no rau flattening kub los xij siv robotic kab, tab sis los ntawm tus txheej txheem - siab ductility pib khoom.

kub xov

Lub peev xwm ntawm kub los mus tiv ib tug tensile quab yuam tsis rhuav lub paub los ntawm heev thaum pib ntawm nws cov coj mus muag siv. Ua ib tug hlau rau hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog tsim los pab nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm - lub ancient masters paub dab tsi hlau yog lub feem ntau cov yas. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XX xyoo pua ua microwire nrog ib tug kub cov tub ntxhais, uas txawm nrog cov yas rwb thaiv tsev yog 7 lub sij hawm thinner tshaj ib tug tib neeg cov plaub hau. Los ntawm 1 gram ntawm kub hlau twb twv tas mus li filament txog 3,5 km ntev.

Niaj hnub no lub tshuab coj kub hlau thickness ntawm mus txog ob peb microns, ib tug ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm kev siv technology tshiab zoo hlau tseem.