Yog vim li cas koj yuav tsum paub cov suav xav?

Cov feem ntau populous lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nrog ib tug ntawm cov uas tuav nyiaj txiaj yog lub tsev mus rau ib tug heev interesting philosophical sawv, uas, Tu siab, me ntsis paub nyob rau hauv Western kab lis kev cai. Thiab nyob rau hauv vain, vim hais tias cov tsev kawm ntawv uas yog kev xav yog tsis tshua contradictory thiab mus tes hauv tes nrog cov coos tas mus li kev cai keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv xav raws li yav dhau los cov tswv yim uas niaj hnub no ua rau cov suav philosophy ntawm ib tug tas mus saw ntawm cov tswv yim thiab tej tswv yim. Cov tswv yim los ua lub hauv paus rau ib tug kuj ceeb tias cov tswv yim mus kom ze rau lub neej, kev sib raug zoo kev loj hlob, sab ntsuj plig kev loj hlob, raws li zoo raws li lub paaj nom tswv thiab nyiaj txiag fronts.

Ntawm no yog ib daim ntawv teev ntawm lub kaum loj tshaj thiab feem ntau influential xav nyob rau hauv Suav keeb kwm. Ib txhia hnov nws tag nrho, thiab ib co yog tsis ze li ntawm li nrov nyob rau hauv Western kab lis kev cai, tab sis lawv yog cov tag nrho tsim nyog mus ntsib, tsuas yog hais tias to taub cov kev cai evolution ntawm Suav lub neej.

Lao Tzu (VI-V xyoo pua BC)

Qhov no legendary philosophers thiab thinkers ntaus nqi yuav luag mythical zoo. Lao Tzu yog tus founder ntawm Taoism. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias los ntawm ib tug keeb kwm taw tes ntawm view, nws cov neej yog hais lus, philosophy considers nws raws li qhov tus tsim ntawm ib qho ntawm feem influential tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Eastern thought.

Taoism hu mus tso tseg lub nriaj ntawm opposites, hu rau lawv reconciliation. Lao Tzu advocated uas tsis yog-kev daws teeb meem thiab concessions, uas, li cas los xij, tsis yog ib tug kos npe rau ntawm tsis muaj zog, tab sis muaj lub siab xav tau los kav cov teeb meem no tsis muaj qhov teeb meem no yog mastered koj. Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo quotes Nplog hais tias: "Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nyob virtuously, tsis txhob yuav tsum tau paub txog qhov uas koj tuaj thiab dab tsi tos koj tom qab kev tuag."

Confucius (551-479 gg. BC)

Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau pib sib tham txog Suav philosophy thiab tsis hais Confucius. Founder ntawm Confucianism, nws tau txais mus rau nws tej lus qhia los ua lub xeev tej lus qhuab qhia thiab kis plhuav li Buddhism nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb. Nws kev cai ntawm kev coj cwj pwm rau cov emperors, ua nom ua tswv, ua hauj lwm, cov tub rog, peasants thiab qhev twb lub hauv paus rau lub du hauj lwm ntawm lub suav haiv neeg rau centuries.

Confucianism yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm morality, tib neeg, kev ncajncees thiab kom yus hnav zoo. Nws nto moo kab lus "Tsis txhob ua rau lwm tus zoo li cas koj yuav tsis xav rau koj tus kheej" tau ntev dhau mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no lub txhab nyiaj txhab.

Mo Tzu (468-391 gg. BC)

Founder moizma - cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm universal hlub, renunciation ntawm conquest expeditions thiab cov khoom kim heev, tsim ib tug lus qhuab qhia uas ua tau rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm rival ntawm Confucianism rau lub title ntawm lub xeev.

Mo Tzu thawj tshaj tawm lub tswvyim ntawm consequentialism, namely qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev tshwm sim. Yog hais tias txoj cai los yog omission theem zoo tau, ces nws yog tseeb. Tom qab, muaj ntau yam ntawm nws lub tswv yim yog thaws rov los nyob rau tom qab Confucianism thiab Legalism.

Cov lus qhuab qhia tuaj leejtwg tog txoj kev hlub rau txhua tus neeg, tsis hais haiv neeg thiab cov txheej xwm, Mo Tzu hais tias: "Yog hais tias muaj yog cov neeg ntawm kev sib nrig sib hlub, ces tawm ntawm tsis pom qhov twg muaj yeej ntxub."

Shang Yang (390-338 gg. BC)

Suav statesman, kev nom kev tswv theorist thiab founder ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Legalism, Shang Yang advocated lub xeev tswj raws li nyob rau hauv tam sim no txaus siab thiab nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm cov centralisation thiab stability.

Tom qab tus me nyuam ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia thiab nws cov kho kom zoo nyob rau hauv raws li cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm Legalism Shang Yang tau txais ib siab raws li txoj cai thiab lub hwj chim, tab sis cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub zwm txwv coj mus rau lub tua ntawm ib tug txawj xav, uas, li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam cov muaj koob meej ntawm nws tej lus qhia. Nws twb cog lus rau ib tug meritocracy, nruj kev cai thiab se. Shang Yang thov hais tias "lub xeev tsoom fwv nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm nruj txim ua rau lub fact tias cov neeg uas ntshai thiab tsis txhob ua txhaum." Shang Yang twb ua tau tus creator ntawm cov thawj qauv ntawm ib tug totalitarian xeev.

Mencius (372-289 gg. BC)

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws tom qab Confucius nws tus kheej ib tug txawj xav thiab ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm Confucianism. Nws elaborated rau lub tswv yim uas twb tsis siab nyob rau hauv Confucianism, xws li cov neeg zoo tag nrho ntawm cov tib neeg qhov thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm kev ncaj ncees kev coj cwj pwm. Mencius tau ib qho khoom plig ntawm kev yaum, thiab yog li ntawd ua hauj lwm nrog tsoom fwv ua hauj lwm, txhawb Confucianism. Nws muaj peev xwm paub thiab saib lub ntsab lug yooj yim ncaj ncees kev cai qhuab qhia: kev txawj ntse, tib neeg, kev ncaj ncees thiab hwm cov kev cai.

Chzhan poj qaib (78-139 xyoo. BC)

Qhov no erudite thiab ci ntsa iab tus paub txog kuj yog ib tug nrov txawj xav. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 55 xyoo, nws tau los ua ib tug ntawm cov rau siab ua hauj lwm ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab cov thawj mus siv ib lub coordinate system nyob rau hauv cov ntawv teev lus, raws li tau zoo raws li raug piav qhov ua rau ntawm lub hli ntsa. Nws tsim cov thawj nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj tus qauv ntawm lub ntug, ib tug odometer thiab ib tug seismograph, thiab muab cov tshaj plaws yog thaum lub sij hawm tus nqi ntawm "pi". Tu siab, nws kev tshawb xav thiab xav xwb fwm tawg tsam, tab sis Chzhan poj qaib them ntau xim rau kev kawm ntawv thiab paub txog.

Hui Neng (638-713 gg. BC)

Sixth thiab lub xeem Patriarch ntawm Zen Buddhism, Hui Neng yog tus sau ntawm lub tsuas Suav Tseeb Duantais nyob rau hauv Buddhism, txawm lub fact tias lub Patriarch nws tus kheej twb tsis tau txais kev kawm ntawv thiab kev twb xam tau tias yog tsis paub ntawv.

Nws cov tub ntxhais kawm txuas ntxiv mus ua hauj lwm rau lub creation ntawm ntau cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Buddhism, namely Chan thiab Zen. Hui Neng yog ib tug adherent ntawm "cia li enlightenment" thiab hais tias: "Ib tug cia li flash ntawm txoj kev txawj ntse muaj peev xwm ua kom puas kaum txhiab xyoo ntawm ignorance."

Chzhu Si (1130-1200 biennium).

Ib tug ntawm cov founders thiab ideologists ntawm Neo-Confucianism, uas txuas tsoos Confucian tswv yim cov tug hauj thiab Taoist influences. Nws them tsawg xim rau cov tswv yim ntawm Confucius, rau peb xyaum? Nws cov tshiab sib rau lub plaub phau ntawv sau los ntawm Confucius thiab nws cov thwj tim. Ua tsaug rau cov ua hauj lwm Chzhu Si Neo-Confucianism tau tau tus txheej xwm ntawm lub ntsiab lub xeev ideology nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, Kauslim thiab Nyiv. Nws hais tias "kev txawj ntse, tab sis inaction yog sib npaug rau ignorance."

Mao Tszedun (1893-1976 biennium).

Thawj coj ntawm lub Communist tog ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab tus tswj ntawm Suav neeg 's koom pheej, Mao Tszedun yog tus sau ntawm cov feem ntau luam tawm phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lus. Nws philosophy yog lub npe hu ua Maoism, ua ke cov tswv yim ntawm Marxism-Leninism, Stalinism, Taoism thiab Confucianism, uas ua rau nws tau mus thov no ideology mus rau lub semi-feudal, semi-colonial Tuam Tshoj tus ua liaj ua teb cov haiv neeg. Niaj hnub no, Maoism yog ib tug ntawm peb tug ncej ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Suav Communist tog.

Tus Syaopin (1904-1997 biennium).

Lub successor rau Mao formulated lub "Dena Syaopina Theory" yuav coj ua ke cov tswv yim ntawm socialism thiab ib qho qhib kev ua lag luam khwv nyiaj txiag. Lub ntsiab yam Xiaoping tshab rau kev kawm Tuam Tshoj tus nom tswv txoj kev loj hlob muaj xws li lub tswv yim ntawm "socialism nrog Suav yam ntxwv", "kho kom zoo thiab qhib tau txoj cai," thiab "ib lub teb chaws uas ob tug systems". Nws kho thiab cov kev ua yog feem ntau muaj nqi nrog rau cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm cov dizzying economic kev loj hlob ntawm Tuam Tshoj.