Protein biosynthesis: ib cos thiab du dais. protein biosynthesis nyob rau hauv nyob hlwb

Yuav kom kawm cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cev, koj yuav tsum paub dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov cellular theem. Tab sis muaj ib tug tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm no yog ua si los ntawm cov protein ntau tebchaw. Nws yog tsim nyog los xyuas tsis tau tsuas yog lawv muaj nuj nqi, tab sis kuj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim. Nws yog yog li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb los mus piav qhia cov biosynthesis ntawm protein nyuag thiab meej. Qib 9 rau cov uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev. Rau ntawm no theem, cov tub ntxhais kawm muaj txaus paub rau qhov kev nkag ntawm lub npe.

Cov nqaijrog - dab tsi yog nws thiab lawv ua dab tsi

Cov macromolecular tebchaw ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm tej kab mob. Cov nqaijrog yog polymers, piv txwv li muaj ntau zoo xws li cov "daim." Lawv tus xov tooj tej zaum yuav txawv ntawm ib tug ob peb puas mus ib txhiab.

Nyob rau hauv lub cell, cov nqaijrog ua ntau zog. Great yog lawv lub luag hauj lwm, thiab nyob rau theem siab dua ntawm lub koom haum: cov ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob yog lom zem ntau nyob rau tseeb lag luam ntawm lub ntau yam proteins.

Piv txwv li, tag nrho cov tshuaj hormones yog protein keeb kwm. Tab sis cov tshuaj tswj tag nrho cov dab nyob rau hauv lub cev.

Hemoglobin - tib yam protein, nws muaj plaub circuits uas muaj kev cob cog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub hlau atom. Xws li ib tug qauv enables cov ntshav liab muaj oxygen. Nco qab tias tag nrho cov week muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm proteins. Lawv yog cov tsim nyog rau cov kev hloov ntawm yam los ntawm cov cell lub hnab ntawv.

Muaj ntau ntau zog ntawm cov protein molecules, uas lawv nqa tawm kom meej meej thiab tsis muaj lo lus nug. Cov amazing tebchaw yog heev ntau haiv neeg, tsis tsuas rau nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cell, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov qauv.

Qhov twg muaj ib tug synthesis

Lub ribosome yog lub organelle nyob rau hauv uas extends qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ib tug txheej txheem uas hu ua "protein biosynthesis." Qib 9 nyob rau hauv txawv lub tsev kawm ntawv txawv raws li qhov kev pab cuam ntawm kev kawm biology, tiam sis muaj ntau cov xib fwb muab cov ntaub ntawv uas cov organelles nyob rau hauv ua ntej ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm txhais lus.

Yog li ntawd, cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsis tau yooj yim yuav tsum nco ntsoov cov khoom them thiab ruaj ntseg. Koj yuav tsum paub tias nyob rau hauv tib lub organelle tsuas yog ib polypeptide saw tej zaum yuav tsim ib txhij. Nws yog tsis txaus kom tau raws li tag nrho cov kev xav tau ntawm lub cell. Yog li ntawd, ib tug ntau ntawm ribosomes, thiab feem ntau lawv yog ua ke nrog tus endoplasmic reticulum. Qhov no EPS yog hu ua nchav. Cov kev pab cuam ntawm tej "kev koom tes" yog tseeb: protein synthesis sai li sai tau tom qab ntog nyob rau hauv lub thauj channel, thiab muaj peev xwm yuav xa tsis tau kev ncua mus rau lub lo lus uas peb.

Tab sis yog hais tias peb coj mus rau hauv tus account lub heev thaum pib, namely tus nyeem ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm DNA, nws yuav tau hais tias lub biosynthesis ntawm protein nyob rau hauv nyob hlwb pib nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. Nws yog muaj hais tias tsim tub txib RNA, uas muaj cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code.

Yuav tsum tau cov ntaub ntawv - amino acids, lub synthesis ntawm qhov chaw - lub ribosome

Nws nkawd hais tias nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los mus piav qhia yuav ua li cas lub nyaij ntawm protein biosynthesis, concisely thiab kom meej meej, cov txheej txheem tswvyim thiab heev heev drawings yog qhov tseem ceeb. Lawv yuav pab tau kom coj tag nrho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li cov menyuam kawm ntawv yuav muaj peev xwm mus tau yooj yim nco txog nws.

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, rau qhov synthesis ntawm tsim nyog "tsev blocks" - amino acids. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog ua los ntawm lub cev. Lwm tus yuav tsuas yuav tau los ntawm khoom noj khoom haus, lawv yog hu ua qhov tseem ceeb. Tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov amino acids - lub nees nkaum, tab sis vim yog lub loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm kev xaiv nyob rau hauv uas lawv yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv ib txoj saw protein molecules yog heev ntau haiv neeg. Cov acids yog zoo ib yam li txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv cov qauv tab sis txawv radicals.

Nws thaj chaw ntawm cov feem ntawm txhua tus amino acid txiav txim siab tau dab tsi qauv "minimizes" lub resulting saw, nws yuav tsim ib tug quaternary qauv nrog rau lwm cov chains, thiab dab tsi cov khoom yuav tau lub resulting macromolecule. Tus txheej txheem ntawm cov protein ntau synthesis yuav tsis tshwm sim li nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm, lub ribosome xav tau rau nws. Qhov no organelle yog muaj li ntawm ob subunits - loj thiab me me. Thaum so, lawv yog fragmented, tab sis raws li sai li pib lub synthesis, lawv yog tam sim ntawd kev cob cog rua thiab pib mus ua hauj lwm.

Tej txawv thiab tseem ceeb ribonucleic acid

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav coj cov amino acids mus rau lub ribosome, peb yuav tsum tau ib tug tshwj xeeb RNA, hu ua thauj. Yuav kom txo tau nws cov xaiv tRNA. Qhov no ib leeg-tso tseg molecule nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug cloverleaf tau muab ib zaug xwb amino acid rau nws free kawg thiab thauj nws mus rau lub chaw ntawm cov protein synthesis.

Lwm RNAs muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv protein synthesis, hu ua lub matrix (ntaub ntawv). Nws yog ib yam nkaus tseem ceeb feem ntawm cov synthesis - lub code, uas kom meej meej spelled thaum ib co amino acids lo rau lub resulting protein saw.

Qhov no molecule yog ib tug hluas saw qauv muaj nucleotides raws li DNA. Muaj ib co sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov thawj cov qauv ntawm nucleic acids, uas koj yuav nyeem tau nyob rau hauv ib tug sib piv tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv lub RNA thiab DNA.

Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov protein m-RNA twb npaj los ntawm cov thawj ntawm cov curator ntawm lub caj code - DNA. Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev nyeem ntawv deoxyribonucleic acid thiab m-RNA synthesis yog hu ua transcription.

Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, qhov twg lub resulting mRNA mus rau ib tug ribosome. Tus heev tib yam DNA ntawm lub nucleus tsis mus, nws ua hauj lwm - tsuas yog mus khaws cia rau hauv lub caj code thiab kis rau tus ntxhais cell thaum lub sij hawm faib.

Ntsiab lus rooj ntawm lub ntsiab koom nyob rau hauv lub tawm

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav piav qhia txog lub protein biosynthesis luv luv thiab meej meej, lub rooj yog ib tug yuav tsum. Nyob rau hauv nws peb yuav sau tag nrho cov Cheebtsam thiab lawv lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no, uas yog hu ua neeg txhais lus.

Tus heev tib yam txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim ib protein saw yog muab faib ua peb theem. Cia saib txhua tus ntawm cov nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Ces koj yuav tau yooj yim piav qhia txog tag nrho cov kev kawm protein biosynthesis luv luv thiab meej meej.

Pib - pib ntawm tus txheej txheem

Qhov no thawj zaug translation kauj ruam, nyob rau lub me me subunit ntawm lub ribosome yog kev cob cog rua nrog rau cov thawj m-RNA. Qhov no RNA yog tus amino acid - methionine. Tshaj tawm hauv xov yeej ib txwm pib nrog rau qhov no amino acid raws li ib tug pib codon yog Aug, uas encodes thawj monomer nyob rau hauv lub protein saw.

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav paub txog lub pib codon, lub ribosome thiab tsis pib ntawm lub synthesis txij li thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub noob ib theem zuj zus Aug uas yuav kuj yuav nyob ib ncig ntawm pib codon yog ib tug tshwj xeeb ib theem zuj zus ntawm nucleotides. Nws yog rau nws cov ribosome paub qhov chaw uas nws yuav tsum noj me me subunit.

Tom qab tsim ntawm lub complex nrog m-RNA pib theem xaus. Thiab nws pib lub ntsiab theem ntawm lub tawm.

Elongation - synthesis nruab nrab

Rau ntawm no theem muaj ib tug gradual buildup ntawm cov protein saw. Lub duration ntawm lub elongation nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov amino acids nyob rau hauv lub protein.

Thawj kauj ruam mus rau lub me me subunit ntawm lub ribosome koom loj. Thiab thawj zaug tRNA yog nws nkaus. Sab nraum, muaj tsuas yog methionine. Tom ntej no mus cov loj subunit los ob tRNA nqa ib tug txawv amino acid.

Yog hais tias qhov thib ob codon nyob rau mRNA coincides nrog anticodon rau sab saum toj ntawm "cloverleaf", qhov thib ob mus rau tus thawj amino acid yog txuas ntawm ib tug peptide daim ntawv cog lus.

Tom qab ntawd ribosome tsiv raws mRNA raws nraim peb nucleotides (ib codon), cov thawj tRNA detaches nws tus kheej los ntawm methionine thiab yog sib cais los ntawm lub complex. Nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw yog tus thib ob m-RNA nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm uas hangs rau ob amino acids.

Ces, nyob rau hauv peb ib feem ntawm lub loj subunit ntawm tRNA thiab cov txheej txheem repeats. Nws yuav ua tau li kom txog thaum nws hits ib ribosome codon nyob rau hauv mRNA, uas pib ntsais koj teeb lub kawg ntawm lub tawm.

txiav

Qhov no yuav tsis nyob ntev yog lub xeem, rau ib txhia nws kuj zoo li siab phem. Tag nrho cov molecules thiab organelles uas thiaj li qhia siv kuj ua hauj lwm los tsim ib tug polypeptide saw, nres sai li sai tau raws li lub ribosome los mus rau lub txiav codon.

Nws tsis encode ib yam ntawm cov amino acid, thiaj li txawm tRNA los yog mus rau hauv lub loj subunit, lawv yuav tsum tau tso tseg vim muaj ib tug mismatch. Ces tau mus rau hauv lub ua txiav yam tseem ceeb uas cais lub tiav lawm protein los ntawm cov ribosome.

Organelle nws tus kheej yuav yog ua txhaum li mus rau hauv ob subunits, los yog mus ntxiv lawv cov lus nyob rau hauv lub m-RNA nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib tug tshiab pib codon. Nyob rau hauv ib mRNA tej zaum yuav ob peb ribosomes. Txhua yam ntawm lawv - nyob rau hauv ib tug nyob ntev tsim translyatsii.Tolko protein markers yog muab, los ntawm kev uas tag nrho cov yuav ntshiab nws lo lus uas peb. Thiab nws yuav raug muab xa mus rau qhov twg yuav tsum tau los ntawm EPS.

Yuav kom to taub lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov protein synthesis, nws yog tsim nyog los xyuas li cas tso cai nws yuav ua tau. Nws nyob rau ntawm ib theem zuj zus ntawm cov amino acids nyob rau hauv cov saw hlau. Nws lawv lub zog seb puas muaj tus thib ob, tertiary thiab tej zaum quaternary (yog hais tias nws tshwm sim) qauv ntawm lub protein thiab nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cell. Yog xav paub ntxiv cov ntsiab lus hais txog lub zog ntawm cov protein molecules yuav muaj nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv no lub npe.

Yuav ua li cas kom paub ntau ntxiv hais txog ib tug tshaj tawm hauv xov

Qhov tsab xov xwm no qhia txog lub biosynthesis ntawm protein nyob rau hauv ib tug nyob ntawm tes. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, yog tias koj kawm cov kev kawm ntau heev, mus piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv kom meej yuav tawm ib tug ntau ntawm cov nplooj ntawv. Txawm li cas los, cov saum toj no cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum txaus rau kev predstavleniya.Ochen pab tau kom koj to taub tej zaum yuav video nyob rau hauv uas zaum tau simulated txhua theem ntawm txhais lus. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tau raug muab txhais rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, thiab muaj peev xwm pab tau raws li ib qho zoo heev lub cuab tam rau cov tub ntxhais kawm los yog cia li tuav video.

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub cov kev kawm zoo, thiab koj yuav tsum nyeem lwm cov khoom nyob rau hauv txog tej. Piv txwv li, hais txog nucleic acids los yog cov nqaijrog, pro muaj nuj nqi.