Laus Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv - yog dab tsi? Tej hauj lwm ntawm Qub Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv

Laus Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv - yog dab tsi? Tej hauj lwm 11-17 centuries tsis yog txawj tej hauj lwm, tab sis kuj keeb kwm ntawv (chronicles cov dab neeg thiab keeb kwm) hauj lwm (hu ua taug kev), nyob (dab neeg hais txog lub neej ntawm cov neeg ntseeg), cov lus qhuab qhia, cov tsiaj ntawv, kuaj ntawm oratorical ib hom ntawv nyeem, raws li zoo raws li ib co phau ntawv ntawm ua lag ua luam cov ntsiab lus. Xai ntawm Qub Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, raws li koj tau pom, yog nplua nuj heev. Tag nrho tej hauj lwm yog hais ntawm lub siab lub ntsws lub neej teeb pom kev zoo, kos duab.

authorship

Nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, cov menyuam kawm ntawv kawm zoo li cas lub qub Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, qhia lub tswv yim. Lawv tej zaum paub tias feem ntau ntawm cov tej hauj lwm teej tug mus rau lub sij hawm no, tsis muaj seem thawj npe. Literature ntawm Ancient Rus lom zem ntau anonymous thiab yog li ntawd yog zoo li lub qhov ncauj pej xeem kos duab. Cov phau ntawv tau sau los ntawm txhais tes thiab faib ntawm xov xwm - txog li, nrog cov uas feem ntau reworked kom haum tus tshiab kev sau ntawv tastes, cov nom tswv qhov teeb meem, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov zajlus txawj thiab tus kheej nyiam copyists. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom tuaj rau peb nyob rau hauv txawv khoom thiab versions. Lub comparative tsom xam ntawm lawv pab soj ntsuam los sis cov keeb kwm ntawm ib tug monument thiab los xaus uas ntawm cov kev xaiv yog ze mus rau qhov chaw, tus neeg sau ntawv nyeem, raws li zoo raws li taug keebkwm ntawm nws kev hloov.

Tej zaum, nyob rau hauv tsis tshua muaj heev neeg mob, peb muaj cov copyright kev xaiv, thiab feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub tom qab npe yuav pom ze tshaj rau tus thawj monuments ntawm Qub Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Yog li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tau kawm rau lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov muaj cov kev xaiv tej hauj lwm. Lawv yog cov muaj nyob rau hauv loj tsam cov tsev qiv ntawv, tsev ceev teej tug thiab archives. Muaj ntau phau ntawv muaj tau fwm nyob rau hauv loj tus xov tooj ntawm cov npe, ib co - nyob rau hauv ib tug tsawg. Cov kev xaiv xwb hais, piv txwv li, lub "taleas ntawm woe thiab khaum," "Kev qhia" Vladimir Monomakh, "Lay."

"Cov lus qhia" thiab repeatability

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg no feature ancient cov ntaub ntawv raws li repeatability nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawv hais txog sij hawm sib txawv, tej yam ntxwv, lub sijhawm, adjectives, metaphors, kev sib piv. Tej hauj lwm txais tau nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua kev cai: cov hero behaves los yog ua ib txoj kev los sis lwm, vim hais tias nws ua raws lub ntsiab ntawm lawv lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv yuav ua li cas coj nyob rau hauv txawv tshwm sim. Thiab cov txheej xwm (piv txwv li, lub sib ntaus sib tua) yog piav nrog rau kev siv ntawm mus tas li ntaub ntawv thiab cov duab.

Literature 10 xyoo pua

Peb mus txuas ntxiv los tham txog dab tsi lub qub Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Qhia cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, yog hais tias koj ntshai mus tsis nco qab ib yam dab tsi. Literature ntawm Ancient Rus majestic, solemn, tsoos. Nws cov keeb kwm hais txog lub xyoo pua 10, precisely ntau rau nws kawg thaum twg, tom qab tus me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv raws li lub xeev kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv Russia pib tshwm rau hauv lub keeb kwm thiab official phau ntawv sau nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj Laus Slavonic. Los ntawm intermediation Bulgaria (uas yog qhov uas cov khoom) Ancient Rus tau tuaj koom lub cov ntaub ntawv tsim Byzantine thiab yav qab teb Slavic. Feudal lub xeev coj los Kiev siv lawv cov kev txaus siab yuav tsum tau tsim lawv tus kheej cov ntawv, sau tshiab lwm yam. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los kawm ntawv ntawm patriotism, kev pom zoo los ntawm cov nom tswv thiab keeb kwm kev sib sau ntawm cov neeg thiab cov ancient princes, lawv denunciation ntawm strife.

Literature 11 - thaum ntxov 13th centuries.

Xai thiab paub tab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm no (kev sib ntaus nrog Polovtsy thiab Pechenegs - lwm cov tsiaj, kev sib txuas lus tej teeb meem ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm nrog ib tug thoob ntiaj teb tawm tsam rau lub zwm txwv ntawm Kiev princes, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev) txiav txim rau qhov xwm ntawm cov style ntawm lub sij hawm, uas D. S. Lihachev hu ua lub monumental historicism. Vaj Keeb Kwm lub rov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws yog kev cob cog rua nrog lub pib ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv.

Nco ntsoov kuj cov khoom, uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv nyeem "Laus Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv" (Qib 6). Qhov no "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", uas tau tuaj sau rau peb raws li ib feem ntawm cov tom qab keeb kwm. Nws twb tso ua ke publicist thiab historian monk Nestor nyob rau hauv txog 1113. Hauv plawv ntawm zaj dab neeg yog qhov ntxov tshaj plaws chronicle, uas tsis tau dim. Tutorial "Laus Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv" (Qib 6) kuj muaj xws li lwm nthuav cov khoom ntawm lub sij hawm - "dab neeg ntawm lub Kozhemyako".

xyoo pua 11th

Nws hnub ntawm lub xyoo pua thawj lub neej: Theodosius Pechersky, Boris thiab Gleb. Lawv tsiag ntawv los ntawm cov xim rau cov teeb meem ntawm hnub no, cov zajlus perfection, kev loj hlob.

Patriotism, kom loj hlob ntawm kev nom kev tswv xav, journalistic thiab siab tawm kev ntawm tej uas yus hnov monuments cim "Qhuab qhia ua lus nyob rau hauv txoj cai lij choj thiab hlub," sau los ntawm Hilarion nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, "Cov lus thiab cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm" Kirilla Turovskogo (1130-1182 gg.). "Kev qhia" Grand tub huabtais ntawm Kiev Vladimir Monomakh, uas nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1053 nyob rau hauv 1125 gg., Imbued nrog no: tib neeg thiab kev txhawj xeeb rau txoj hmoo ntawm lub xeev.

"Nej"

Muaj tsis muaj mention ntawm no ua hauj lwm yuav zam tsis thaum lub npe ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm no yog lub qub Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Yuav ua li cas yog lub "Nej?" Qhov no yog qhov loj tshaj ua hauj lwm ntawm ancient Russia, tsim los ntawm ib tug tsis paub sau nyob rau hauv lub 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Cov ntawv nyeem yog mob siab rau ib tug lub ntsiab - ib tug hai phiaj los nqis tes nyob rau hauv lub Polovtsian steppe nyob rau hauv 1185 tub huabtais Igorya Svyatoslavovicha. Tus sau yog xav tsis tau tsuas yog txoj hmoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws, nws kuj txiav ntaqwm tus txheej xwm ntawm tam sim no thiab rau yav tag los, li ntawd, qhov tseeb heroes "ntawm cov lus" - tsis, Igor thiab Svyatoslav, uas kuj them ib tug ntau ntawm cov xim nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm, thiab lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws, cov neeg - ib yam dab tsi uas yog ua raws li Laus Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. "Lo lus" muaj ntau yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv nrog rau lub narrative sawv ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Tab sis, raws li nyob rau hauv tej chaw ua hauj lwm cov ntse heev, nws muaj thawj nta, manifested nyob rau hauv lub zoo paub kev cai, richness ntawm kev hais lus, kev siv ntawm cov hom kev kawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm dab neeg, thiab rethinking, civil pathos thiab lyricism.

National-patriotic ntsiab

Nws seb puas tsimnyog tau thaum lub sij hawm lub Tartar quab (los ntawm 1243 mus txog rau thaum lub xyoo pua 15th lig) Laus Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Yuav ua li cas yog patriotism nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm no lub sij hawm? Wb sim teb lo lus nug no. Style monumental historicism acquires ib tug tej yam kev paub qhia lo nuance: cov ntawv txawv lyricism, muaj tragic pathos. Lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug muaj zog paus hwj chim ntawm tus tub huabtais tau txais nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no kuj zoo kawg thiab tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv ib co dab neeg thiab keeb kwm (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv "Lub taleas ntawm lub Rhuav Ryazan Batu") qhia txog lub horrors ntawm qhov ntxeem tau ntawm tus yeeb ncuab thiab lub siab tawv qhawv sib ntaus tawm tsam tus neeg uas tsim txom ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg. Qhov no yog manifested patriotism. Cov duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb nrog, ib qho zoo tagnrho thawj reflected feem ntau kom meej meej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lub 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th ua hauj lwm "Cov neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky".

Tus nyeem ntawv "taleas ntawm lub puas ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab teb chaws" daim duab opens lub grandeur ntawm qhov, princes ntawm lub hwj chim. Qhov no ua hauj lwm - tsuas yog ib tug fragment extant tsis siab cov ntawv nyeem. Nws yog nplooj siab rau cov txheej xwm ntawm cov thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th - lub sij hawm ntawm hnyav Tartar quab.

Tshiab style: kev paub qhia lo thiab lub siab lub ntsws

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm 14-50-ies. Xyoo pua 15th yog hloov Laus Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Yuav ua li cas yog kev paub qhia lo thiab lub siab lub ntsws style uas sawv ntawm lub sij hawm no? Nws qhia lub ideology thiab tus txheej xwm ntawm lub koom haum ua teb nyob ib ncig ntawm Moscow sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj Russia thiab lub tsim ntawm lub centralized Lavxias teb sab xeev. Ces cov ntaub ntawv pib mus qhia kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv tus neeg, tus tib neeg psychology thiab nws puab sab ntsuj plig lub ntiaj teb no (txawm tias nws yog xwb nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev cai dab qhuas nco qab). Qhov no tau coj mus rau ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub subjective pib.

Thiab ib tug tshiab style - kev paub qhia lo thiab lub siab lub ntsws, nyob rau hauv uas nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais lus sophistication thiab "weaving ntawm lo lus" (uas yog, qhov siv ntawm ornamental prose). Cov tshiab cov hom kev kawm tau tsim muaj kev cuam tshuam lub siab xav rau cov duab ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm tus neeg.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 15th - thaum ntxov 16th centuries. muaj yog cov dab neeg uas hnub rov qab nyob rau hauv lawv zaj dab neeg mus rau lub novelistic cim ntawm qhov ncauj dab neeg ( "The taleas ntawm lub lag luam Basarge", "Cov Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Dracula" thiab lwm tus neeg). Ho nce tus naj npawb ntawm txhais tej hauj lwm ntawm cov ntawv tseeb cim, heev nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog cov lus dab neeg ib hom ntawv nyeem (piv txwv li, "Lub taleas ntawm lub Princes ntawm Vladimir").

"Lub taleas ntawm Peter thiab Fevronia"

Raws li hais saum toj no, tej hauj lwm ntawm Qub Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv thiab qiv ib co nta ntawm legends. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua 16th Ermolai Erasmus, ib tug laus Lavxias teb sab journalist thiab txawj sau ntawv, kev tsim lub npe nrov "taleas ntawm Peter thiab Fevronia", uas yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws phau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug dab neeg txog yuav ua li cas vim hais tias ntawm nws txoj kev ntse neeg pluag hluas nkauj los ua ib tug ntxhais huabtais. Lug siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm xav tsis thoob tricks, suab thiab kev sib raug zoo motives.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm 16th xyoo pua ntaub ntawv

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th tus official xwm ntawm cov ntawv yog kho kom zoo, lub txwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav solemnity thiab lub me hwj chim. Common muaj xws li tej hauj lwm, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov uas - cov kev cai ntawm kev nom kev tswv, kev cai, kev cai lij choj, thiab lub neej txhua hnub. Ib tug piv txwv - "Great Tsoom Haiv Neeg Ntseeg Nyob", yog ib tug muab tso ua ke ntawm phau ntawv, muaj raws ntawm 12 tagnrho, uas tau npaj rau tsev nyeem ntawv rau txhua lub hlis. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws ua ib qho kev "Domostroy", uas teev cov kev cai ntawm kev coj cwj pwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg, muab tswv yim rau saib xyuas vaj tse, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg. Lub keeb kwm ua hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm nce permeates invention nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua lub narrative dab neeg entertaining.

17th xyoo pua

Tej hauj lwm ntawm Qub Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th hloov ho. Nws pib tsim thiaj li hu ua lub kos duab ntawm lub tshiab lub sij hawm. Nws yog tus txheej txheem ntawm democratization, expanding ntsiab tej hauj lwm. Nws yog hloov lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ua tsaug rau tus txheej xwm ntawm lub pluag ua tsov ua rog (lig 16th - thaum ntxov 17th c.), Raws li tau zoo raws li lub sij hawm ntawm Tej. Tubtxib Tes Haujlwm Borisa Godunova, Ivana Groznogo, Vasiliya Shuyskogo thiab lwm yam keeb kwm nuj nqis yog piav los ntawm tam sim no tsis tsuas yog tus los saum ntuj los yuav, tab sis kuj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov cwm pwm ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv. Muaj yog ib tug tshwj xeeb ib hom ntawv nyeem - ywj pheej satire uas thuam lub Koom Txoos thiab pej xeem txiav txim, kev cai lij choj hais plaub ntug (piv txwv li, "Ib tug taleas ntawm Shemyakin tsev hais plaub"), clerical xyaum ( "Kalyazin daim ntawv thov").

"Lub neej," hu ua Hanpaku tau, tsev neeg zaj dabneeg

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th nws yog sau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1620 mus 1682 xyoo. Avvakum - "Lub neej." Nws yog piav nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Laus Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv" (qib 9). Ib tug feature ntawm cov ntawv nyeem yog nplua nuj, cus ciav lus, conversational txhua hnub, siab txee.

Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, tsim thiab txhua hnub zaj dab neeg txog Frol Skobeyev, Sawa Grudtsyn thiab lwm tus neeg, reflecting yus ua cim ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Muaj txhais collections ntawm zaj dabneeg luv luv thiab novels ntawm chivalry. Tsim Prosody (peb paub los sau phau ntawv - Sylvester Medvedev, Xime-oos Polotskits, Carion Istomin).

Xyoo pua 17th tiav rau lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient cov ntaub ntawv, thiab muaj los tom ntej no theem - cov ntawv uas niaj hnub lub sij hawm.