Primordially Lavxias teb sab thiab borrowed lus: piv txwv. lus txawv teb chaws keeb kwm

Ib kem yog lub etymology ntawm cov lo lus, kawm cov keeb kwm ntawm cov lo lus nyob rau tom qab ntawm kev hloov nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus. Primordially Lavxias teb sab thiab borrowed lus no yog cia li los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm etymology. Cov no yog cov ob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, uas muaj peev xwm faib rau tag nrho cov paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm keeb kwm. Qhov no lexicon Seem no muab cov ib lo lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas lo lus yog, yog dab tsi nws txhais tau hais tias, qhov twg thiab thaum twg nws borrowed, thiab cov kev hloov undergone.

Lavxias teb sab lus

Tag nrho cov lus uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus, xa mus rau lub ntsiab lus. Nrog lawv pab, peb hu qhov sib txawv khoom, txheej xwm, cov kev ua, tej yam tshwm sim, tus xov tooj, thiab hais txog. D.

Vocabulary yog piav qhia los mus hauv lub Slavic lus system, uas ua nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm lawv cov keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob. Lavxias teb sab paub cov ntsiab lus yog rooted nyob rau hauv lub dhau los ntawm lub Slavic pab pawg neeg, thiab tiam dhau ib tiam tau tsim nrog cov neeg. Qhov no thiaj li hu ua haiv neeg lus uas muaj nyob rau ib lub sij hawm ntev.

Tsis tas li ntawd muaj yog ib tug thib ob txheej ntawm cov lo lus: lo lus uas tuaj rau peb los ntawm lwm hom lus vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov keeb kwm ties.

Yog li, yog hais tias peb xav txog cov lus los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm keeb kwm, nws yog ua tau cais tawm cov neeg Lavxias teb sab lus, thiab borrowed. Piv txwv ntawm cov lo lus hais tias ob pab pawg uas hais nyob rau hauv cov lus nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau.

Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus

Lavxias teb sab paub cov ntsiab lus muaj ntau tshaj 150,000 lo lus. Cia peb kawm saib ua li cas tej lus no hu ua haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab.

Primordially Lavxias teb sab lexicon muaj ob peb theem:

1. Nyob rau hauv tus thawj, tus hlob, muaj xws li lus denoting xws tswv yim, uas yog rau tag nrho cov hom lus (leej txiv, leej niam, cov nqaij, hma thiab lwm tus neeg);
2. Lawv ua li lub thib ob theem ntawm Proto-Slavic lo lus uas yog tshwm sim rau txhua Slavic pab pawg neeg (ntoo thuv, nplej, lub tsev, nqaij qaib, kvass, cheese, thiab lwm yam ...);
3. Qhov thib peb theem ntawm daim ntawv cov lus uas nyob rau hauv lub hais lus ntawm lub Eastern Slavs txij li thaum ntawm VI-VII (tsaus nti, stepdaughter, graveyard, protein, niaj hnub no);
4. Qhov thib plaub pab pawg neeg - yog ua tau Lavxias teb sab npe nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm XVI-XVII centuries (jam, los daus loj, Bush, uproot, leisurely, muaj ib hnub, ib tug mason, pilot, deception, huv, thiab lwm yam ...).

Tus txheej txheem ntawm qiv

Nyob rau hauv peb cov lus coexist haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab thiab borrowed lus. Qhov no yog vim lub keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws.

Raws li cov neeg ntawm cov laus Russians nkag mus hauv cov kev cai, economic, kev nom kev tswv, ua tub rog, luam kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm lub teb chaws thiab lub xeev. Nws yog heev lawm coj mus rau lub fact tias nyob rau hauv peb cov lus yog cov lus ntawm cov neeg, uas peb koom tes. Txwv tsis pub, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom to taub txhua lwm yam.

Nrog rau cov lus qiv Russified lub sij hawm, muaj nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov lus, thiab peb tau ceased mus xav seb lawv raws li txawv teb chaws. Sawv daws puas paub nrog xws li lus raws li "qab zib", "da dej", "activist", "koom", "tsev kawm ntawv", thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.

Neeg Lavxias teb sab lus borrowed thiab tus yam ntxwv zoo saum toj no, rau ib ntev lub sij hawm thiab ua ib feem ntawm peb lub neej txhua hnub, thiab pab ua kom peb hais lus.

Txawv teb chaws lus nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus

Tau rau hauv peb hom lus, txawv teb chaws lus yuav tsum tau hloov. Lawv hloov muaj feem xyuam rau txawv sab: lub phonetics, morphology, semantics. Borrowings yog raug peb cov kev cai thiab cov kev tswj. Nyob rau hauv cov lus no yog ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub terminals, nyob rau hauv lus, hloov yog txivneej los pojniam. Piv txwv li, lo lus "parliament" muaj txiv neej, thiab nyob rau hauv German, qhov twg nws tuaj - qhov nruab nrab.

Nws tej zaum yuav hloov lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws tag nrho. Piv txwv li, lo lus "cov neeg pleev kob" peb qhia tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab ib tug German - ib tug "neeg pleev kob."

Hloov cov semantics. Piv txwv li, cov nyiaj txais lus, "kaus poom", "conservative" thiab "conservatives" tau tuaj mus rau peb los ntawm ntau hom lus thiab muaj tsis muaj dab tsi ua li cas. Tab sis nyob rau hauv nws cov haiv neeg hom lus, Fabkis, Latin thiab Italian, ntsig txog, lawv tuaj los ntawm Latin thiab muaj "cawm".

Yog li, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub los ntawm qhov uas cov lus borrowed lus. Nws yuav pab tau los mus txiav txim lawv lexical lub ntsiab lus.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog tej thaum nyuaj rau paub cov neeg Lavxias teb sab thiab borrowed lus nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm lub loj, uas peb siv txhua hnub. Rau lub hom phiaj no, muaj dictionaries, uas clarified lub ntsiab lus thiab cov keeb kwm ntawm txhua lo lus.

Suam ntawm cov nyiaj txais lus

Ob pawg neeg ntawm cov borrowed lus sawv ntsug rau ib tug tej hom:

• los ntawm lub Slavic hom lus;
• coj los ntawm cov uas tsis yog-Slavic lus.

Nyob rau hauv thawj pab pawg neeg comprise ib tug loj loj staroslavyanizmy - lus, prevailing los ntawm cov IX xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj phau ntawv. Thiab tam sim no ntau lus xws li "ntoo khaub lig", "ntug", "lub hwj chim", "virtue", thiab lwm yam Muaj ntau staroslavyanizmy muaj Lavxias teb sab analogues ( "lub puab tsaig." - "puab tsaig", "lub qhov ncauj" - "daim di ncauj" thiab lwm tus neeg. ) yog faib phonetic ( "rooj vag" - "rooj vag"), morphological ( "kev tshav ntuj", "tus siab zoo"), semantic ( "kub" - "kub") staroslavyanizmy.

Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg muaj qiv los ntawm lwm hom lus, xws li:

• Latin (nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm science, social lub neej, txoj - "tsev kawm ntawv", "koom pheej", "Corporation");
• Greek (tsev neeg - "txaj", "tais", cov nqe lus - "yaj", "vocabulary");
• Western European (tub rog - "HQ", "cadet" ntawm cov kos duab - "easel", "Toj roob hauv pes", nautical nqe lus - "nkoj", "chaw nres nkoj" "schooner" suab paj nruas hauv cov nqe lus - "Aria", "libretto");
• Turk (nyob rau hauv lub "Pearl", "Caravan" kab lis kev cai thiab cov lag luam tawm "hlau");
• Scandinavian (tsev neeg - "thauj tog rau nkoj", "nplawm") lus.

Phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Txawv Teb Chaws lus

Lexicology - science yog leej heev. Ntawm no txhua yam yog kom meej meej cob. Tag nrho cov lus yog muab faib ua tej pawg neeg, nyob ntawm seb lub yeej, nws cov ntaub ntawv lub hauv paus.

Primordially Lavxias teb sab thiab borrowed lus muab faib ua ob pawg nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm etymology, piv txwv li keeb kwm.

Muaj ntau ntau yam dictionaries uas hais tias tau cov kev lub hom phaj. Yog li ntawd, koj muaj peev xwm hu tau rau lub phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm txawv teb chaws lus, uas muaj lwm yam lus piv txwv uas tuaj rau peb rau ntau centuries. Muaj ntau ntawm cov lus yog tam sim no ntaus nqi raws li Lavxias teb sab. Cov phau ntawv txhais lus piav txog cov ntsiab lus thiab qhia qhov twg lo lus tuaj rau peb.

Phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm txawv teb chaws lus nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws muaj lub tseem zaj dabneeg. Tus thawj yog tsim los pab nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo pua, nws yog handwritten. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tuaj rau hauv lub peb-volume phau ntawv txhais lus, sau los ntawm N. Janowski. Nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua muaj ib tug tag nrho series ntawm txawv teb chaws dictionaries.

Cov qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu tej zaum yuav hu ua "Lub tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Txawv Teb Chaws lus", edited los ntawm VV Ivanova. Cov phau ntawv txhais lus nkag hu ua ntaub ntawv hais txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov lo lus, muab tus txhais lus los ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus, pab piv txwv, ruaj khov qhia nrog nws.