Photosynthesis - yog dab tsi? theem ntawm photosynthesis. Cov ntsiab lus uas photosynthesis

Muaj koj puas tau wondered li cas npaum li cas lub ntiaj teb no uas muaj sia nyob?! Thiab vim hais tias tag nrho cov uas lawv yuav tsum ua pa oxygen los tsim lub zog thiab tso pa tawm carbon dioxide. Namely carbon dioxide - lub ntsiab ua rau ntawm no phenomenon, raws li cov txhaws chav tsev. Nws tshwm sim thaum uas muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov neeg, thiab lub chav tsev rau ib ntev lub sij hawm yog tsis aired. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tej yam tshuaj lom sau rau saum huab cua chaw, lwm lub tsheb thiab pej xeem thauj.

Nyob rau hauv view ntawm lub foregoing, muaj yog ib zajlus kom lo lus nug: yuav ua li cas ua li cas peb tseem tsis tau suffocated, Yog hais tias tag nrho lub neej yog lub hauv paus ntawm poisonous carbon dioxide? Tus Cawm Seej ntawm tag nrho cov nyob quavntsej nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no ua raws li photosynthesis. Yuav ua li cas yog yog tus txheej txheem thiab dab tsi yog nws yuav tsum?

Nws tshwm sim - Tshuav ntawm carbon dioxide thiab oxygen saturation ntawm huab cua. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no tsuas rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tus muaj ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, muaj cov nroj tsuag, raws li tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lawv lub hlwb.

Photosynthesis nws tus kheej - ib tug tsis tshua nyuab txoj kev, nyob ntawm seb tej yam tej yam kev mob, thiab yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ob peb ua sawv.

lub ntsiab txhais

Raws li cov kev txhais, organic tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm photosynthesis yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv organic nyob rau cellular theem, autotrophic kab mob vim raug tshav ntuj kub lub teeb.

Yuav hais ntau to taub hom lus, photosynthesis yog ib tug txheej txheem nyob rau hauv uas cov nram qab no tshwm sim:

1. Cov nroj tsuag yog noo nrog dej. Yog qhov uas cov dej tej zaum yuav muaj dej los yog los ntawm cov av noo noo tauj huab cua.
2. Nws tshwm sim chlorophyll cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (tej tshuaj uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag) cov nyhuv ntawm cov hnub ci zog.
3. Kev kawm ntawv tseem ceeb muaj zaub mov uas lawv ua rau lawv tus kheej yog tsis muaj peev xwm mus heterotrophic txoj kev, thaum lawv lawv tus kheej yog nws cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov nroj tsuag muaj noj los ntawm lub fact tias lawv lawv tus kheej tsim. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm photosynthesis.

Kauj ruam ib

Zoo txhua txhua nroj tsuag muaj ntsuab khoom, los ntawm cov uas nws muaj peev xwm nqus teeb. Qhov no tshuaj yog tsis ntau tshaj ib tug chlorophyll. Nws qhov chaw nyob - chloroplasts. Tab sis lub chloroplasts nyob rau hauv lub kav ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab nws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ntau cov xwm nplooj photosynthesis. Txij li thaum lub tom kawg yog yooj yim heev nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv thiab muaj ib tug kuj loj deg hauv cheeb tsam, uas txhais tau tias qhov ntim ntawm lub zog tsim nyog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm tus txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ntau npaum li cas.

Thaum lub teeb yog absorbed los ntawm chlorophyll, lub tom kawg nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm kev zoo siab, thiab lawv lub zog tej lus cog tseg pauv mus rau lwm yam organic molecules ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Qhov loj tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm xws zog mus koom photosynthesis txheej txheem.

Kauj ruam ob

Photosynthesis Education ntawm lub thib ob theem tsis tau kev koom tes los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov tshuaj bonds uas siv cov tshuaj lom carbon dioxide ua los ntawm dej thiab huab cua loj. Tsis tas li ntawd lub synthesis ntawm lub teeb ntawm tshuaj uas muab lub peev xwm los nyob muaj. Cov no yog cov starch, piam thaj.

Nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag xws organic ntsiab ua raws li lub hwj chim qhov twg los rau tus neeg qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thaum muab lub cev chav kawm ntawm tseem ceeb heev muaj dab. Cov tshuaj yog ua thiab fauna, uas siv cov nroj tsuag rau zaub mov. Cov tib neeg lub cev yog noo nrog cov tshuaj los ntawm cov zaub mov, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub txhua hnub khoom noj.

Yuav ua li cas? Qhov twg? Thaum twg?

Mus rau cov organic tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov organic muab, nws yog tsim nyog los muab kom tsim nyog tej yam kev mob rau photosynthesis. Rau tus txheej txheem no yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw lub teeb. Peb yuav tau tham txog lub dag, thiab tshav ntuj. Xwm feem ntau cog kev ua si yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm kev siv ntawm cov caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij ntuj sov, uas yog, thaum muaj ib tug xav tau txais ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov hnub ci zog. Yuav tsis tau hais tias hais txog lub caij nplooj zeeg lub qhov hws, thaum lub teeb yog tsawg dua, luv hnub. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub nplooj tig daj, thiab ces kiag li poob tawm. Tab sis sai li sai tau raws li cov thawj lub caij nplooj hlav ci rays ntawm lub hnub, ntsuab nyom ntawm lub nce sai li sai tau rov pib dua cov kev ua ub chlorophylls, thiab yuav pib active kev loj hlob ntawm cov pa thiab lwm yam as-ham, uas yog tseem ceeb heev xwm.

photosynthesis tej yam kev mob tsis yog lub xub ntiag ntawm ambient lub teeb. Ya kuj yuav tsum txaus. Tom qab tag nrho, cov nroj tsuag absorbs dej ua ntej, thiab ces cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pib nrog hnub ci zog. Cov tshwm sim ntawm tus txheej txheem no thiab yog tsob nroj khoom noj haus.

Tsuas yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug ntsuab tshuaj photosynthesis. Yuav ua li cas yog chlorophyll, peb hais los saum no. Lawv yog cov zoo ntawm neeg xyuas pib ntawm lub teeb los yog hnub ci zog thiab cov nroj tsuag nws tus kheej, kom ntseeg tau kom chav kawm ntawm lawv lub neej thiab kev ua ub no. Ntsuab tshuaj muaj haum muaj peev xwm plurality tshav ntuj.

Nws plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm thiab oxygen. Yuav kom photosynthesis txheej txheem yog kev vam meej, cov nroj tsuag yuav tsum tau ib tug ntau, vim hais tias nws muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xwb 0.03% carbonic acid. Li no tawm ntawm 20 000 m ^{3 ntawm} huab cua yuav tau txais 6 m ³ acid. Nws yog ib lub caij nyoog kawg no muaj - thawj feedstock rau piam thaj, uas nyob rau hauv lem, yog ib yam khoom uas tsim nyog rau lub neej.

Muaj ob theem ntawm photosynthesis. Tus thawj yog hu ua lub teeb, thiab lub thib ob - Lub tsaus ntuj nti.

Yuav ua li cas mechanism percolation teeb theem

Lub teeb theem ntawm photosynthesis yog ib lub npe - photochemical. Lub ntsiab koom nyob rau hauv no theem yog:

• hnub ci zog;
• ntau yam pigments.

Nrog rau cov thawj tivthaiv ntshiab, nws yog tshav ntuj. Tab sis dab tsi yog qhov pigments tsis paub txhua. Lawv tuaj nyob rau hauv ntsuab, daj, liab los yog xiav. Yuav kom muaj xws li ntsuab chlorophylls pawg "A" thiab "B" mus rau lub daj thiab liab / xiav - phycobilins feem. Photochemical ua si xwb chlorophylls sau ntawm cov neeg koom nyob rau hauv no theem ntawm tus txheej txheem "A". Tus so belongs rau lub complementary lub luag hauj lwm, lub essence ntawm cov uas - tus sau los ntawm lub teeb quanta thiab lawv kev thauj mus los rau qhov chaw ntawm photochemical.

Txij li thaum chlorophyll endowed nrog lub peev xwm npaum haum ntawm cov hnub ci zog nrog rau kev wavelength nram qab no photochemical tshuab tau lawm tias:

- Photochemical center 1 (ntsuab teeb meem "Ib tug" pab pawg neeg) - muaj nyob rau hauv lub 700 xim absorbing teeb rays uas nws ntev yog kwv yees li 700 nm. Qhov no xim belongs rau qhov siv lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub teeb theem ntawm photosynthesis.

- Photochemical center 2 (ntsuab tshuaj pab pawg neeg "B") - ib feem ntawm cov xim 680 yog muaj uas absorbs teeb rays ntawm 680 nm nyob rau hauv ntev. Nws yus tus kheej li Actor, uas muaj nyob rau hauv sau zog ntawm electrons poob photochemical center 1. Qhov no yog tiav los ntawm hydrolysis kua.

Thaum 350- 400 molecules ntawm pigments hais tias ib tug concentrated teeb fluxes nyob rau hauv photosystem 1 thiab 2 muaj tib tug qauv ntawm cov xim, uas yog photochemically active - chlorophyll pab pawg neeg "A".

Yuav ua li cas yog yuav mus rau?

1. Lub teeb zog absorbed los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, muaj ib tug ntxim rau cov xim muaj nyob rau ntawd 700, uas kis tau los ntawm lub cev lub xeev rau ib lub xeev ntawm excitation. Xim loses ib tug electron, uas ua nyob rau hauv ib tug thiaj li hu ua electron qhov. Ntxiv mus, cov xim molecule uas tau poob ib tug electron, tej zaum yuav ua raws li nws cov acceptor, piv txwv li, cov neeg sab nrauv lees txais electrons, thiab xa rov qab daim ntawv no.

2. Tus txheej txheem ntawm photochemical decomposition ntawm cov kua nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub teeb absorbing xim 680 photosystem 2. Thaum decomposition dej tsim electrons uas Ameslikas yog txais khoom xws li cytochrome C550, thiab qhia los ntawm cov tsab ntawv Q. Ces, los ntawm lub cytochrome electrons nkag mus rau hauv Circuit Court muaj thiab yog thauj mus rau lub chaw 1 rau qhov photochemical sau qhov e, uas yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub allergic ntawm lub teeb quanta thiab rov ua hauj lwm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov xim 700.

Muaj tej lub sij hawm thaum xws li ib tug qauv tau txais rov qab electron tshua zoo tib yam. Qhov no yuav ua rau lub rho tawm ntawm lub teeb zog li thaum tshav kub kub. Tab sis yuav luag ib txwm ib tug electron muaj ib tug tsis zoo xwb, ua ke nrog tshwj xeeb hlau-leej faj cov nqaijrog thiab yog nqa rau ntawm ib lub chains los yog mus rau cov xim 700 ntog mus rau lwm vector Circuit Court thiab rov qab sib koom nrog rau qhov acceptor.

Nyob rau hauv thawj embodiment, muaj yog ib tug cyclic electron thauj kaw hom, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - cyclic.

Ob dab poob nyob rau hauv thawj kauj ruam ntawm photosynthesis nyob rau hauv catalyzing tib saw ntawm electron muaj. Tab sis nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias rau lub cyclic hom photophosphorylation pib thiab xaus ib txhij thauj ib Chl point, thaum thaum cov cyclic kev hloov yuav thauj tshuaj ntsuab "B" pab pawg neeg kom chlorophyll "A".

Nta ntawm cyclic tsheb thauj mus los

Ntsev ntawm cyclic kuj hu ua photosynthetic. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev no ua rau cov ATP molecule. Lub hauv paus ntawm qhov no yog qhov rov qab thauj tom qab ib tug ob peb successive theem nyob rau hauv lub electron pog xeev rau cov xim 700, uas lub zog yog tso tawm, txais ib feem nyob rau hauv lub phosphorylating enzyme system mus ntxiv txuam nyob rau hauv lub phosphate bonds ntawm ATP. Ntawd ces yog lub zog yog tsis dissipated.

Ntsev ntawm cyclic yog thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm photosynthesis, raws li nyob rau hauv tsim tshuaj technology zog rau chloroplast tilaktoidov membrane chaw los ntawm kev siv tshav ntuj zog.

Tsis muaj photosynthetic ntsev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm assimilation nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti theem ntawm photosynthesis tsis yooj yim sua.

Nuances thauj noncyclic hom

Cov txheej txheem muaj nyob rau hauv recovering NADP + thiab NADPH tsim ntawm N *. Lub mechanism yog raws li nyob rau hauv electron hloov lwm lub tsev ferredoxin nws yuav txo tau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab lub tom ntej hloov mus rau NADP + nrog ntxiv yuav txo tau kom NADP * H.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, electrons uas tau poob xim 700, electrons yog Iwj los ntawm cov dej uas yog decomposed los ntawm lub teeb rays nyob rau hauv photosystem 2.

Acyclic txoj kev ntawm electrons uas ntws kuj implies teeb photosynthesis yog nqa tawm los ntawm reacting ua ke rau ob photosystems, txuas rau lawv electron-thauj saw hlau. Lub teeb lub zog electrons directs qhov txaus rov qab. Thaum lub sij hawm thauj ntawm photochemical center 1 mus rau qhov chaw 2 electrons poob ib feem ntawm lawv lub zog vim txuam raws li proton tej zaum nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias nto tilaktoidov.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti theem ntawm photosynthesis txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim ib proton-hom tej zaum nyob rau hauv electron thauj saw, thiab khiav hauj lwm rau txoj kev tsim tsa ntawm ATP nyob rau hauv lub chloroplasts yog yuav luag tib yam uas muaj tib txoj kev nyob rau hauv mitochondria. Tab sis nta tseem tam sim no. Tilaktoidami nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem yog cov mitochondria twist rau cov tsis ncaj ncees lawm sab. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab yog vim li cas hais tias cov electrons thiab lub protons txav los ntawm daim nyias nyias nyob rau hauv kev coj rov qab txheeb ze mus rau lub hloov lwm lub tsev khiav nyob rau hauv lub mitochondrial membrane. Lub electrons yog thauj mus rau sab nraum, thiab cov protons yog sau nyob rau hauv sab hauv ntawm lub matrix tilaktoidnogo. Xeem yuav siv sij hawm tsuas yog ib lub zoo xwb, thiab tus txheej membrane tilaktoida - tsis zoo. Los ntawm no nws hais ntxiv hais tias txoj kev ntawm lub proton gradient hom opposite nws txoj kev mus mitochondria.

Lwm feature yog lub siab pH nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm ntawm protons.

Qhov thib peb feature yog lub xub ntiag ntawm tsuas yog ob tug chains tilaktoidnoy conjugation chaw thiab raws li ib tug yuav tau txais tus piv ntawm molecules ntawm ATP rau protons sib npaug zos rau 1: 3.

xaus

Nyob rau hauv thawj kauj ruam ntawm photosynthesis yog tus sis ntawm lub teeb zog (artificial thiab neiskusstvennoy) los ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Li cas rau lub rays ntawm ntsuab teeb meem - chlorophyll, feem ntau ntawm uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov nplooj.

Cov tsim ntawm ATP thiab NADP * H - qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xws li ib tug. Cov khoom uas yog tsim nyog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj nti tshua. Li ntawd, cov teeb theem - losis tswvyim dabtsi txheej txheem, tsis muaj uas nws yuav ua tau lub kauj ruam thib ob - Lub tsaus ntuj nti.

Qhov tsaus ntuj nti nyob ntev: lub essence thiab peculiarities

Tsaus photosynthesis thiab nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov pa roj carbon dioxide txoj kev organic tshuaj kom tau carbohydrates. Yuav ua raws li txoj kev tshua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub chloroplast stroma thiab lub active koom tes los ntawm cov khoom noj thawj kauj ruam ntawm photosynthesis - lub teeb.

Nyob rau hauv kauj ruam tsaus raws li photosynthetic mechanism rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm assimilation ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide (kuj hu ua photochemical carboxylation, Calvin voj voog), uas yog yus muaj los ntawm cyclical. Nws muaj peb theem:

1. Carbonation - accession CO _2.
2. Kho theem.
3. Theem lwm ribulozodifosfat.

Ribulofosfat - suab thaj nrog tsib carbon atoms - lends nws tus kheej mus rau lub txheej txheem ntawm ntsev nyob rau hauv cov nuj nqis ntawm ATP, li no ua ribulozodifosfat uas yog ntxiv raug carboxylation los ntawm kev twb kev txuas mus rau lub CO ₂ khoom nrog rau cov carbons, uas instantly decomposed los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog dej molecule, tsim ob molecular hom acid phosphoglyceric . Ces tus acid niaj tiav restoration nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm enzymatic tshua rau cov uas yuav tsum tau muaj cov ATP thiab NADP tsim tau ib cov qab zib mus rau peb carbons - peb-carbon qab zib, triose los yog aldehyde phosphoglyceraldehyde. Thaum ob tug triose condensed hexose molecule yog tau, uas yuav ua tau ib feem ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej molecule thiab debugged cia.

Qhov no theem xaus los ntawm lub fact tias thaum lub sij hawm photosynthesis txheej txheem, yog absorbed los ntawm ib tug qauv ntawm CO ₂ thiab siv peb ATP molecules thiab plaub H atoms Geksozofosfat amenable mus rau lub tshua ntawm lub pentose phosphate voj voog, ua rau lwm ribulozofosfata uas yuav tsum tau rov qab sib koom nrog lwm tus molecule ntawm carbonic acid.

Carboxylation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, rov qab, tsuaj yuav tsis muab suav hais tias ib hom rau cov kev lub hlwb nyob qhov twg photosynthesis yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw. Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug "uniform" txaus dab, dhau lawm, muaj peev xwm tsis hais, vim hais tias tseem muaj ib tug txawv - thaum rov qab txheej txheem siv NADPH + H es NAD + H.

Accession CO ₂ ribulozodifosfat undergoes catalysis, uas muab ribulozodifosfatkarboksilaza. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom no yog 3-phosphoglycerate, recovering ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm NADPH * H2 thiab ATP rau glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Cov yuav txo tau txoj kev yog catalysed los ntawm glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Cov yav tas yog yooj yim hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Cov tsim fruktozobisfosfata. Ib feem ntawm nws cov molecules yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub lwm cov txheej txheem ribulozodifosfat, kaw lub voj voog, thiab lub thib ob yog ib feem yog ua los tsim ib tug cia carbohydrate nyob rau hauv photosynthetic hlwb, i.e. nws muaj lub photosynthesis ntawm carbohydrates.

Lub teeb lub zog yog yuav tsum tau rau ntsev thiab synthesis ntawm cov organic tshuaj, thiab lub zog ntawm oxidation ntawm cov organic tshuaj yog yuav tsum tau rau oxidative ntsev. Uas yog vim li cas tej nroj tsuag muab lub neej mus rau tsiaj txhu thiab lwm yam kab mob uas yog heterotrophic.

Photosynthesis nyob rau hauv cog hlwb yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv no txoj kev. Nws cov khoom uas carbohydrates tsim nyog rau cov creation ntawm cov pa roj carbon skeletons ntau yam ntawm tshuaj ntawm muaj ntawm lub ntiaj teb no uas yog organic keeb kwm.

Organic nitrogen tshuaj absorbed nyob rau hauv hom photosynthetic cov kab mob no los ntawm cov yuav txo tau ntawm inorganic nitrate, thiab leej faj - vim cov yuav txo tau ntawm sulfates rau sulfhydryl pawg ntawm cov amino acids. Muab lub tsim ntawm cov nqaijrog, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, cofactors yog photosynthesis. Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug "platter" ntawm tshuaj tseem ceeb heev rau cov nroj tsuag twb tau hais txog, tab sis nyob rau theem nrab synthesis khoom uas hais tias yog tseem ceeb lam tshuaj (flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, polyphenols, yuam, orgkisloty thiab lwm tus neeg), tsis yog ib lo lus twb hais tias. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj exaggeration hais tias photosynthesis - tus yuam sij rau lub neej ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg.