Nta thiab specifications ntawm lub electric teb txoj kev tshawb no yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm cov kev tshwj xeeb. Tab sis lub tsev kawm ntawv cov hoob kawm yog feem ntau sau ib daim ntawv nyob rau hauv nyuab thiab ruam tag lus. Yog li ntawd, tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub electric teb yuav tau piav nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm muaj mus rau lawv yuav to taub txhua tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tshwj xeeb xim yuav tau them nyiaj rau lwm yam kev tswv yim (superposition) thiab possibilities ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm no kheej ntawm physics.
lus qhia dav dav
Raws li tam sim no views, lub fais nqi ntawm lawv tus kheej tsis txhob phiv ncaj qha. Qhov no implies ib tug zoo feature. Yog li, txhua them lub cev nws muaj nws electric teb nyob rau hauv lub surrounding chaw. Nws muaj ib tug tej yam nyob rau lwm lub kev kawm. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob teb uas yog ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb, uas lawv qhia tias cov nyhuv uas cov teb nyob rau hauv lub fais nqi thiab tus quab yuam uas nws yog nqa tawm. Ib txhia ntawm no muaj peev xwm yuav xaus lus? Them lub cev tsis muaj ib tug kev sib nrig sib tam sim ntawd feem. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, lub fais teb los. Raws li koj tau xyuas lawv? Koj siv tau cov kev kuaj xwb - ib tug me me taw tes rau hauv lub beam ntawm hais tias yuav tsis muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem ntawm uas twb muaj lawm qauv. Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi tseem ceeb yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob field? Tag nrho peb ntawm lawv: tus nro, kev nyuaj siab thiab tej zaum. Txhua yam ntawm lawv nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab spheres ntawm cawv rau tus hais.
Cov hluav taws xob field yog: yog dab tsi?
Tab sis ua ntej tswv yim mus rau lub ntsiab kev kawm ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm, koj yuav tsum muaj ib yam kev txawj ntse puag. Yog hais tias lawv yog, ces qhov no yog ib feem yuav muaj tseeb tsis. Chiv, cia peb xav txog lo lus nug ntawm yog vim li cas rau lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob field. Rau nws yuav, koj xav tau ib tug xwb. Ntxiv mus, lub thaj chaw ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv uas nyob qis qis them lub cev, yuav tsum muaj sib txawv los ntawm cov neeg uas nws tsis yog. Muaj xws li ib tug feature: yog hais tias ib tug tej yam system ntawm coordinates mus rau qhov chaw tus nqi, qhov kev hloov yuav tsis tshwm sim sai li sai tau, tiam sis tsuas yog ntawm ib yam ceev. Lawv yuav zoo li tus tsis propagate nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Qhov no yuav tsum tau nrog los ntawm cov tsos ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab rog uas ua rau lwm yam xov xwm nyob rau hauv no coordinate system. Thiab ntawm no peb tuaj mus rau lub ntsiab! Hnubpoob rog yog tsis yog tshwm sim ntawm ncaj qha feem, thiab kev sis raug zoo los ntawm ib qho chaw uas yog qualitatively sib txawv. Qhov chaw, nyob rau hauv uas cov kev pauv tshwm sim, thiab yog hu ua lub fais teb.
nta
Ib tug xwb pov tseg nyob rau hauv lub hluav taws xob field, tsiv nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm tus quab yuam uas ua rau nws. Yog nws tau mus cuag ib lub xeev ntawm so? Yog, nws yog tiag tiag. Tab sis rau no lub dag lub zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob field yuav tsum sib npaug ib co lwm yam cawv. Sai li sai tau raws li muaj ib tug tsis txaus, them nyiaj pib yuav tawm mus dua. Kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no yuav yog nyob ntawm seb muaj zog dua. Tab sis, yog hais tias ib tug ntau ntawm lawv - thaum kawg yuav ib yam dab tsi kuas thiab ntau yam. Yuav kom to taub zoo dua, yog dab tsi yog tsim nyog los ua hauj lwm, sawv cev rau lub kab ntawm kev quab yuam. Lawv qhia sib haum mus rau lub acting rog. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov kab muaj thiab pib thiab qhov xaus. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lawv tsis kaw rau nws tus kheej. Lawv pib zoo them lub cev, thiab xaus rau qhov tsis zoo. Yog tias tsis yog tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv ntau yam nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim kab, lawv cov theoretical underpinnings thiab cov tswv yim kev siv, peb mam li tham ib tug me ntsis xav paub ntxiv txog cov ntawv nyeem thiab xav txog lawv nrog Coulomb txoj kev cai.
Electric teb siv
Qhov no yam ntxwv yog siv los quantitatively txiav txim seb lub electric teb. Nws yog ib heev nyuaj to taub. Qhov no cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob field (voltage) yog lub cev kom muaj nuj nqis sib npaug zos potency nrog rau ib tug zoo kev kuaj xwb uas yog situated nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam taw tes nyob rau hauv qhov chaw rau nws tus nqi. Muaj yog ib tug nam. Qhov no lub cev kom muaj nuj nqis yog ib tug vector. Nws coj coincides nrog cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev quab yuam uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo kev kuaj xwb. Nws yuav tsum tau teb rau ib tug heev qhov teeb meem thiab muab sau tias lub hwj chim cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob field siv yog raws nraim. Thiab yog dab tsi tshwm sim nrog taag, thiab tsis hloov yam? Lawv electrostatic hluav taws xob field yog lam xav. Thaum ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug taw tes xwb thiab kawm mob siab nyob rau hauv kev muab cov kab ntawm kev quab yuam thiab Coulomb txoj kev cai. Yuav ua li cas nta yog muaj?
Coulomb txoj cai thiab lub hwj chim kab
Zog yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob field nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tsuas yog rau ib tug taw tes xwb uas yog nyob ib yam voos kheej-kheej ntawm nws. Thiab yog hais tias koj noj cov nqi ntawm cov module, peb yuav muaj ib tug Coulomb teb. Nyob rau hauv nws cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov vector nyob rau hauv lub kos npe rau ntawm tus nqi. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias nws yog tus zoo, ces lub teb yuav "taug kev" raws voos kheej-kheej. Nyob rau hauv lub rov qab qhov teeb meem no rau hauv lub vector yuav muab xa ncaj qha mus rau feem ntau xwb. Rau ib nrig txog kev pom kev nkag siab txog dab tsi yog tshwm sim thiab yuav ua li cas koj yuav nrhiav tau thiab pom lub drawings, qhov twg lub teb kab no xwm. Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob field nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv txawm hais tias es tsis yooj yim los mus piav qhia, tab sis cov drawings, nws yuav tsum tau them tribute rau lawv zoo. Tab sis nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg rau hauv lub peculiarity ntawm cov phau ntawv: siv rau ntawm lub hwj chim kav nqus lawv ceev xwm yeem mus rau qhov ntau ntawm cov nro. Qhov no me ntsis nyiaj uas yuav muaj ib tug yam pauv loj heev kev pab nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj los yog kev txawj ntse ntawm cov tub ntxhais.
tej zaum
Tus nqi yog ib txwm tsiv thaum muaj yog tsis muaj balancing rog. Qhov no yuav qhia rau peb hais tias, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub fais teb muaj ib tug tej zaum zog. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus - nws yuav ua tau ib co ua hauj lwm. Cia saib ib tug ceev Piv txwv li. Cov hluav taws xob field tus nqi pauv los ntawm point A rau B. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib tug txo nyob rau hauv tej zaum zog teb. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov ua hauj lwm twb tiav. Lub hwj chim no cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob field tsis hloov yog hais tias lub zog twb tau cog lus nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug thib peb tog. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub peev xwm lub zog yuav tsis txo thiab nce. Ntxiv mus, qhov no lub cev yam ntxwv kev hloov ntawm cov hluav taws xob field yog ncaj qha xwm yeem mus rau thov mog dag zog yuam uas tsiv tus nqi nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob field. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no rau tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm yuav tau siv nyob rau hauv ua lub peev xwm lub zog. cia mus nrog cov piv txwv nram qab rau qhov kev nkag ntawm lub npe. Yog li ntawd, peb muaj ib tug zoo xwb. Nws yog nyob sab nraum ntawm lub electric teb, uas yog xam. Vim li no cov raug yog li ntawd me me hais tias nws yuav tsis quav ntsej li. Muaj indirect dag zog yuam uas ua rau tus nqi nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob field. Nws kuj ua hauj lwm tsim nyog rau koj tsiv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm kov yeej tus rog ntawm lub teb. Yog li, muaj tej zaum rau kev txiav txim, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub hluav taws xob field. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias nws yuav ua tau ib tug uas tsis yog niaj hnub zoo li tus nqi. Yog li, lub zog uas koom rau txhua kev unit zoo xwb, hu ua lub teb tej zaum ntawm tus taw tes. Nws yog txaus sib npaug zos rau cov chaw ua hauj lwm uas twb tau ua ib tug sab nraum cov quab yuam kom tsiv mus nyob rau kev kawm mus rau lub luag hauj lwm. Lub teb tej zaum yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv volts.
voltage
Nyob rau hauv txhua hluav taws xob field yuav pom raws li zoo nqi "mus" los ntawm ib tug siab tej zaum cov ntsiab lus mus rau lub fact tias lawv muaj tsawg theem ntawm no parameter. Tsis zoo ua raws li txoj kev no nyob rau hauv rov qab. Tab sis nyob rau hauv ob leeg, qhov no yog xwb vim cov nyob ntawm tej zog. Nws yog xam los ntawm cov voltage. Koj yuav tsum paub cov nyiaj uas tau ua tsawg tshaj li lub peev xwm lub zog ntawm lub teb. Nro yog txaus sib npaug zos rau cov chaw ua hauj lwm uas twb tau ua rau cov kev hloov ntawm txoj kev them nyiaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob tug tej ntsiab lus. Los ntawm no nws yuav pom ib qho kev nthuav match. Yog li, lub voltage tej zaum txawv thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog tib lub cev qhov chaw.
Lub superposition ntawm lub fais teb
Yog li ntawd, peb tau kawm cov ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob field. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub cov kev kawm zoo, muaj ntau mus ntxiv xav txog ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev xaiv uas tej zaum yuav tseem ceeb heev. Thiab peb mam li pib nrog lub superposition ntawm lub fais teb. Nyuam qhuav pib peb tau sib tham txog qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm uas muaj tsuas yog ib tseeb xwb. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm lawv cov loj loj ntau! Yog li ntawd, xaiv cov approximate rau cov kev muaj tiag ntawm qhov teeb meem no, cia xav txog tej yam uas peb muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov nqi. Ces nws hloov tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xeem raug yuav ua rog uas ua raws cov cai ntawm vector ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm superposition hais tias lub complex tsab ntawv tsa suab amenable mus cais mus rau hauv ob los yog ntau tshaj yooj yim. Yuav kom tsim ib tug muaj tiag qauv ntawm lub zog yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau superposition. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, peb xav txog cov particle nyob rau hauv uas twb muaj lawm tej yam kev mob rau txawv nqi, txhua tus uas nws muaj nws hluav taws xob field.
kev siv cov
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tam sim no yog tau ib tug hluav taws xob field yog siv tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub dag lub zog. Txawm ntau yog hais nws lub peev xwm yog yuav luag yeej tsis siv los ntawm peb. Raws li ib tug tswv yim realization possibilities ntawm lub electric teb yuav ua rau Chizhevskogo chandelier. Nyuam qhuav pib, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, noob neej pib tshawb txheej qhov chaw. Tab sis tus zaum twb muaj cov teeb meem uas tej teeb meem. Ib tug ntawm lawv - yog huab cua thiab nws siab phem Cheebtsam. Daws qhov teeb meem no nws coj Soviet paub txog Chizhevskii uas ib txhij xav hwj chim cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob field. Thiab nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias nws tau txais ib tug tiag tiag txoj kev loj hlob. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem no rau kev tsim cov kev ntaus ntawv ntawm huab cua ion txaus tau muab tso rau los ntawm ib tug me me tawm. Tab sis tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm tsab xov xwm peb xav tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas lub ntaus ntawv nws tus kheej, raws li ib txoj ntsiab cai ntawm nws cov lag luam. Qhov tseeb hais tias rau lub lag luam Chizhevskogo chandeliers siv tsis ruaj ruaj hwj chim qhov twg los, uas yog, tus hluav taws xob field! Rau lub concentration ntawm lub zog siv tshwj xeeb capacitors. Ho txoj kev vam meej muaj kev cuam tshuam ntaus lub lag luam hwj chim cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob field ib puag ncig. Hais tias yog, qhov no ntaus ntawv yog tsim rau cov spacecraft, uas yog cia crammed nrog electronics. Nws twb fueled los ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm lwm yam pab kiag li lawm kev cob cog rua rau lub qhov fais fab mov. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov kev taw qhia tsis tau tso tseg, thiab lub peev xwm coj zog los ntawm lub electric teb yog kawm tam sim no. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg uas tseem ceeb kev kawm tsis tau kom ua tau tiav. Nws tseem yog tsim nyog yuav tau nco ntsoov tus tus me me scale ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb, thiab cov fact tias feem ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ua lub inventors tuaj pab dawb.
Nyob rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub electric teb?
Yog vim li cas koj yuav tsum mus kawm rau lawv? Raws li hais ua ntej lawm, cov hluav taws xob field yam ntxwv yog lub dag lub zog, voltage thiab muaj peev xwm. Lub neej ntawm ib tug dog dig tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv txoj kev, cov tsis muaj peev xwm tsis khav ntawm tseem ceeb cawv. Tab sis thaum muaj cov lus nug txog yuav ua li cas ib yam dab tsi loj thiab complex, nws tsis coj lawv mus rau account - ib tug nplua nuj. Qhov tseeb hais tias ib tug ntau npaum li cas ntawm hluav taws xob teb (los yog ntau dag zog yuam) ua rau lub fact tias muaj yog cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv cov kis ntawm Pib ntsais koj teeb technology. Qhov no ua rau ib tug distortion ntawm cov kis ntxiv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov no tsis yog teeb meem ntawm no hom. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus dawb nrov nrov technology, ib yam nkaus thiab muaj zog hluav taws xob teb yuav adversely cuam tshuam rau lub lag luam ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ib tug me ionization qhov chaw tseem tau hais tias yuav zoo, txij li thaum nws muaj txhawb mus rau hauv av hauv rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg habitation. Tab sis, yog hais tias koj saib, ntau npaum li cas ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov khoom siv (tub yees, TV, cua sov siv dej, xov tooj, hluav taws xob systems, thiab thiaj li nyob) yog nyob rau hauv peb lub tsev, peb yuav xaus uas nws yog, alas, nws tsis yog zoo rau peb noj qab haus huv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov uas tsis muaj hluav taws xob teb, peb yuav luag tsis mob, vim hais tias qhov chaw tawg tib neeg tau ntev tau accustomed mus rau. Tiam sis ntawm no yog tus electronics li ib qho nyuaj rau hais. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, muab li tag nrho cov ntawm no tsis ua hauj lwm, tab sis nws yog ua tau ntse txo tsis zoo zoo ntawm hluav taws xob teb rau tib neeg lub cev. Rau lub hom phiaj no, incidentally, nws yog txaus siv tej ntsiab cai energetically npaum siv hom kev kawm uas muab rau kev khiav hauj lwm lub sij hawm nrhiav mechanisms.
xaus
Peb tau pom tias dab tsi lub cev kom muaj nuj nqis yog ib tug yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob field, qhov twg nws yog siv, dab tsi yog qhov tej zaum txoj kev loj hlob thiab lawv daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Tab sis tseem kuv xav ntxiv ib co lus kawg rau lub npe los sib tham. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias lawv twb xav nyob rau hauv ib tug txaus loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg. Ib qho ntawm feem hnov txoj lw nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm sab laug nto moo Serbian inventor Nikolai Tesla. Nws muaj kev tswj kom ua tau qhov no loj kev kawm nrog rau kev hwm rau kev siv ntawm los, tab sis, alas, tsis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub zog efficiency. Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj xav mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no kev taw qhia - undiscovered lub sij hawm ntau ntau.