Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky: nyuag Phau ntawv sau, achievements, discoveries

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - ib tug zoo heev Lavxias teb sab mathematician, rau ntau tshaj plaub xyoo lawm - lub rector ntawm Kazan University, muaj ib tug activist of Education, founder ntawm uas tsis yog-Euclidean geometry.

Qhov no yog ib tug txiv neej uas tau ob peb xyoo lawm ua ntej nws lub sij hawm thiab twb tsis to taub los ntawm nws lub contemporaries.

Biography Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha

Nicholas tau yug los rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 11, 1792 nyob rau hauv ib tug tsawg-nyiaj khwv tau los tsev neeg ntawm ib tug petty official Ivana Maksimovic thiab Praskovya Alexandrovna. Chaw yug ntawm mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - Nizhny Novgorod. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 9, tom qab nws txiv tuag, nws twb thauj mus rau nws niam nyob rau hauv Kazan thiab nyob rau hauv 1802 nws tau txais mus rau ib tug lub high school cov tsev kawm ntawv. Tom qab nws kawm tiav nyob rau hauv 1807, Nicholas los ua ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm lub tshiab tsim Kazan Imperial University.

Nyob rau hauv lub tutelage ntawm M. F. Bartelsa

Tshwj xeeb kev hlub rau lub cev thiab xaam sciences yav tom ntej ntse heev tswj kom instill Grigoriy Ivanovich Kartashevsky - ib tug txawj ntse kws qhia ntawv, tsaug paub thiab menyuam nws ua hauj lwm. Tu siab, nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm 1806 vim hais tias ntawm tsis sib haum nrog cov coj noj coj ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv "rau cov manifestation ntawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev ntxeev siab thiab tsis sib haum," Nws yog tso los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cov kev pab. Cov hoob kawm nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv pib ua Mihail Fedorovich Bartels - ib tug xib fwb thiab ib tug phooj ywg ntawm tus naas ej Karla Fridriha Gauss. Tuaj txog nyob rau hauv 1808 nyob rau hauv Kazan, nws coj li lub patronage muaj peev xwm tab sis cov neeg pluag me nyuam kawm ntawv.

Tshiab xib fwb pom zoo Lobachevskian kev kawm uas tau kawm nyob rau hauv lub saib xyuas ntawm tej classic tej hauj lwm raws li "tus xov tooj Theory" Karl Gauss thiab cov "xilethi-aus mechanics" ntawm Fabkis tus paub txog Pierre-Simon Laplace. Rau cov tsis mloog lus, stubbornness, thiab tej yam tshwm sim ntawm godlessness nyob rau hauv lub xyoo dhau Nikolay looming yuav txiav tawm. Tiv thaiv Bartels pab allotted tab tom yuav phom sij gifted me nyuam kawm ntawv.

Kazan University Lobachevsky lub neej

Nyob rau hauv 1811, tom qab kawm tiav rau xyoo los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, ib tug luv luv biography uas yog ib txoj kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov hluas tiam, tau pom zoo los ntawm tus tswv ntawm lej thiab physics, thiab sab laug ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Ob tug cov kws tshawb fawb - nyob rau hauv algebra thiab mechanics, nyob rau hauv 1814 (yav dhau los lub sij hawm), coj mus rau nws siv nyob rau hauv ib tug associate xib fwb (docents). Tom ntej no Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich, tau uas yuav ces yuav zoo soj ntsuam xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv, nws pib qhia, maj mam ua lub vajvoog ntawm cov kev kawm rau lawv (lej, astronomy, physics) thiab tiag xav txog cov rebuilding ntawm zauv hauv paus ntsiab lus. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv hlub thiab co menyuam Lobachevsky lectures ib xyoos tom qab muab tsub lub title ntawm extraordinary xib fwb.

Tshiab txiav txim Magnitsky

Rau lub hom phiaj ntawm suppressing free kev xav thiab lub revolutionary mus ob peb vas nyob rau hauv lub zej zog ntawm tsoom fwv Alexander kuv tau raws li nyob rau hauv lub ideology ntawm kev ntseeg thiab nws cov mystical Christian tej lus qhia. Tus thawj cardinal soj ntsuam undergone universities. Nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 1819 ib tug kawm ntawv qib siab lub tsev nrog tus tshawb ntawm Kazan tuaj txog ML Magnitsky - ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Governing Board tsev kawm ntawv, tu tsuas hais txog lawv tus kheej ua hauj lwm. Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm nws cov tshev mis rau hauv lub xeev ntawm affairs nyob rau University mas tsis tshua muaj disappointing: cov tsis muaj nyiaj pab kawm ntawv cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub tsev entailed mob rau zej zog. Yog li ntawd, lub tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau ua kom puas lub (laj mej pej xeem puas) - nrog ib tug view mus rau ib qho qhia piv txwv rau lwm tus.

Txawm li cas los, Alexander kuv, nws twb txiav txim siab los kho qhov teeb meem no rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov tib soj ntsuam, thiab Magnitsky nrog rau kev mob siab pib "ncaj kev txiav txim" rau ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lub chaw: 9 tshem tawm qhov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm professors, tswvcuab nruj censorship thiab ib tug siab tawv qhuab qhia barracks hom.

Lobachevsky dav kev ua ub no

Biography Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha qhia txog cov nyuaj lub sij hawm tsim ntawm lub University of lub tsev teev ntuj-tub ceev xwm system, uas ntawd kub ntev li 7 lub xyoo. Nyiaj nyuaj kev ntsuam xyuas pab yuam lub kws pheej faav xeeb ntsuj plig thiab lub meej lub sij hawm ntawm tus paub txog, tsis tawm tej feeb dawb lub sij hawm.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky deputized Bartels, uas tshuav cov phab ntsa hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab qhia nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev kawm ntawm kev kawm txog zauv, kuj nyob rau hauv them nyiaj ntawm lub cev ua hauj lwm thiab nyeem cov kev kawm, qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm astronomy thiab geodesy kom txog thaum I. M. Simonov yog nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ncig saib. Ib tug ntau ntawm kev ua hauj lwm tau raug ua lag luam nyob rau hauv lawv muab nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim lub tsev qiv ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sau nws lub cev thiab xaam ib feem. Nrog txoj kev, qhov mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, raws li tus tswj ntawm lub tsev pawg neeg, saib xyuas lub erection ntawm lub tsev loj ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab rau tej lub sij hawm muaj rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm thawj ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm Physics thiab Lej.

Tsis-Euclidean geometry Lobachevsky

Ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm tam sim no tej xwm txheej, cov kev qhia ntawv, thawj tswj thiab kev tshawb fawb ua hauj lwm tsis ua teeb meem rau creativity Mathematics: ntawm nws cwj mem tuaj 2 phau ntawv rau cov tsev kawm ntawv - "Algebra" (txim rau kev siv ntawm lub metric system ntawm kev ntsuas) thiab "Geometry" (tsis tsum luam tawm ). Nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub Magnitsky Nikolai Ivanovich twb teem nruj kev saib xyuas, vim hais tias ntawm lub manifestation ntawm lawv lub siab tawv thiab ua txhaum ntawm tus tsim cov kev cai. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov tej yam kev mob, kev khiav hauj lwm humiliating rau tib neeg muaj meej mom, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich ua hauj lwm hnyav heev rau hauv cov nruj kev tsim kho ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm geometry. Cov tshwm sim ntawm xws li ib tug laborious ua hauj lwm ntawm zaum yog lub foundations ntawm ib tug tshiab geometry, tag nrho nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm ib tug tshaj dhau kho nqi lus ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm tej era ntawm Euclid (III xyoo pua BC. E.).

Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no 1826, Lavxias teb sab mathematician tau nqa tawm ib daim ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm geometric kis tau mus rau saib xyuas ib tug xov tooj ntawm eminent professors. Txawm li cas los, cov kev tsim rov (yog zoo los yog txawm tsis zoo) tau txais, thiab tus ntawv sau ntawm daim ntawv qhia nqi rau peb lub sij hawm yog tsis mus txog. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas paub txog tau muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj ua hauj lwm "Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm geometry", luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1829-1830 gg. nyob rau hauv lub "Phau ntawv Journal ntawm Kazan." Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus cuag tau ib qho tseem ceeb geometric discoveries, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky piav ib tug kom zoo zoo txhais ntawm cov nuj nqi (kom meej meej delineating nws laaj thiab differentiability), wrongly ntaus nqi mus rau German mathematician Dirichlet. Zaum tau kuj tau ua ib txhij txhua txoj kev tshawb no ntawm trigonometric series, kwv yees ib tug ob peb xyoo lawm tom qab. Ib tug ntse mathematician yog tus sau ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov zauv tov sib npaug nrog lub sij hawm tsis ncaj ncees dubbed "Graeffe txoj kev".

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich: Nthuav lus tseeb

Auditor Magnitsky, troubling nws ua ib tug ob peb xyoos, thiaj yuav muaj unenviable hmoo: rau ntau abuses nrhiav tau tshwj xeeb tshawb commission, nws tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm nws ncej thiab xa mus rau hauv exile. Lwm tsev kawm ntawv trustee raug tsa Mikhail Musin-Pushkin, uas muaj peev xwm txaus siab rau active Nikolai Lobachevsky thiab pom zoo rau nws rau tus ncej ntawm rector ntawm Kazan University.

Rau 19 xyoo, txij li thaum 1827, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich (yees duab monument nyob rau hauv Kazan pom. Saum toj no) ua hauj lwm nyuaj nyob rau hauv no txoj hauj lwm, ua tau raws li qhov kaj ntug ntawm nws nyiam tus me nyuam. Nyob rau account ntawm Lobachevsky - ib tug ntshiab txoj kev txhim kho nyob rau hauv cov theem ntawm scientific thiab kev kawm ua ub no nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov kev tsim kho ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm chaw ua hauj lwm vaj tse (lub cev chaw ua hauj lwm, cov tsev qiv ntawv, tshuaj kuaj, astronomical thiab sib nqus observatory, dissecting, txhua yam kev cob qhia). Rector kuj yog tus founder ntawm ib tug nruj kev ntawm phau ntawv journal "Lub zaum ntawm Kazan University sau ntawv," hloov "Kazan Bulletin" thiab thawj luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1834. Nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus nrog cov rector rau 8 xyoo coj los Nikolai tsev qiv ntawv, koom nyob rau hauv kev qhia ntawv, kev sau ntawv qhia rau cov xib fwb ntawm kev kawm txog zauv.

Los ntawm txoj hauj lwm zoo Lobachevsky yog tsis yooj yim sua tsis hais txog nws sincere heartfelt kev txhawj xeeb txog lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv thaum xyoo 1830 nws muaj peev xwm cais tawm lub cheeb tsam tshawb fawb thiab kev txhij txhua tua txuag rau neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev phaum mob cholera. Thaum lub sij hawm ib tug txaus ntshai hluav taws kub nyob rau hauv Kazan (1842) tswj kom txuag tau yuav luag tag nrho cov kev kawm vaj tse, astronomical seev thiab tsev qiv ntawv cov ntaub ntawv uas. Tsis tas li ntawd, Nikolai qhib rau lub masses free mus ntsib lub tsev kawm ntawv cov tsev qiv ntawv thiab tsev ceev teej tug thiab tau npaj ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm nrov xai rau cov pejxeem.

Ua tsaug rau cov zoo kawg dag zog ntawm Lobachevsky authoritative, first-class, zoo-txawm peem rau Kazan University tau ua ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia.

To taub yuam kev thiab tsis ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab mathematician

Tag nrho cov no lub sij hawm, lub lej tsis txhob nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb aimed ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug tshiab geometry. Tu siab, nws lub tswv yim - sib sib zog nqus thiab tshiab, raws li twb tsis tooj mus rau feem ntau txais axiom uas contemporaries tau ua tsis tau tejyam, thiab tej zaum yeej tsis xav kom txaus siab rau tej hauj lwm ntawm Lobachevsky. Misunderstanding thiab nws yuav tau hais rau ib co raws li ntawm kev thab plaub tsis nres Nikolai Ivanovich: nyob rau hauv 1835 nws luam tawm "xav txog tej yam geometry", thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd - "Daim ntawv thov ntawm xav txog tej yam geometry rau ib co integrals." Peb xyoos tom qab, lub ntiaj teb no pom lub feem ntau kim heev kev ua hauj lwm ntawm "New Beginnings geometry nrog rau tag nrho kev tshawb xav ntawm thaum uas tig mus", uas muaj ib tug cos, heev ntshiab izyasnenie nws tseem ceeb lub tswv yim.

Ib tug yooj yim lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm maths

Tsis tsis tau ib qho kev nkag siab ntawm lawv lub teb chaws, Lobachevsky txiav txim siab los tau ib yam li-minded neeg txawv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv 1840 Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich (saib duab. Nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas) luam tawm nws ua hauj lwm nrog kom meej meej teem tawm qhov yooj yim lub tswv yim ntawm cov German lus. Ib daim ntawv ntawm no tsab twb muab rau Gauss, uas nws ua hauj lwm qab lub scenes uas tsis yog-Euclidean geometry, tab sis tsis tau twv kom hais lus nyob rau hauv pej xeem nrog rau nws kev xav. Thaum familiarized nrog tej hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lug txhawb cov miv, lub German qhia rau xaiv Lavxias teb sab counterpart mus rau lub noob nom noob tswv Society of Göttingen raws li ib tug correspondent neeg. Laudatory txog Lobachevsky, Gauss hais xwb nyob rau hauv nws lub chaw muag mis nyuj thiab nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm cov feem ntau ntseeg cov txiv neej. Kev xaiv tsa Lobachevsky tseem muaj; nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1842, tab sis txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij, nws tsis zoo: nws yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm rau lub tsev kawm ntawv 4 xyoo.

Tsoom fwv ntawm Nicholas kuv tsis xav mus ntsuam xyuas ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua hauj lwm Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha thiab nyob rau hauv 1846 tshem tawm nws los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau lub tsev kawm ntawv, officially npe hu ua cov ua: ntse deterioration nyob rau hauv kev noj qab nyob. Kev lig kev cai, lub qub rector twb muaj rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm pab curator, tab sis tsis muaj qhov chaw kawm ib cov nyiaj hli. Tsis ntev ua ntej cov kev tso tawm thiab deprivation professorial lub rooj zaum Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, ib tug luv luv biography thiab uas hnub no yog kawm nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, pom zoo chaw xib fwb Kazan chav xyaum tes taw A. F. Popova, txig defended nws doctoral dissertation. Nikolai xav tias nws tsim nyog los muab qhov tseeb txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub neej hluas zaum 'muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav tau thiab tsis tsim nyog los tuav lub rooj zaum nyob rau hauv tej yam. Tab sis, muaj poob tag nrho ib zaug thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug kiag li ruaj rau lawv tus kheej txoj haujlwm, Lobachevsky poob lub sij hawm los mus tsis tau tsuas yog ua tau lub tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis kuj sov ua licas mus koom nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub ntawm lub tsev.

Nyob rau hauv tsev neeg lub neej Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich txij li thaum 1832 nws twb sib yuav los Varvare Alekseevne Moiseevoy. Nyob rau hauv no kev sib yuav yug 18 cov me nyuam, tiam sis tsuas yog xya tau dim tag nrho.

Lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej

Yuam kev tshem tawm los ntawm rooj plaub thoob plaws nws lub neej, lub tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm tus tshiab geometry, ntxhib ris txiaj ntawm nws lub contemporaries, ib tug ntse deterioration nyob rau hauv nyiaj txiag txoj hauj lwm (vim ntaub ntawv bankruptcy los qub txeeg qub tes ntawm lub ob peb tau raug muag rau cov nuj nqis) thiab muaj txij nkawm txoj kev txom nyem (tsis tau nyob rau hauv 1852, tus hlob tus tub) deplete cuam tshuam rau lub cev thiab kev puas hlwb kev noj qab nyob Lavxias teb sab mathematician: nws xab haggard thiab pib mus poob rau nws lub xub ntiag. Tab sis dig muag Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky tsis tau nres mus kawm cov kev xeem, tuaj mus festive cov txheej xwm, koom nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv sib cav tswv yim thiab txuas ntxiv mus ua hauj lwm rau cov kev pab ntawm kev kawm. Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab mathematician "Pangeometriya" twb kaw cov menyuam kawm ntawv hais tau npog Lobachevskian ib xyoo ua ntej nws tuag.

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, foundations nyob rau hauv geometry uas tau soj ntsuam xwb kaum xyoo tom qab ntawd, yog tsis yog qhov tsuas soj ntsuam ntawm tshiab lej. Hungarian paub txog Janos Bolyai, ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm Lavxias teb sab lug txhawb cov miv, lug txhawb cov miv nkag lub tsev hais plaub nyob rau hauv 1832, nws lub zeem muag uas tsis yog-Euclidean geometry. Txawm li cas los, nws siv zog twb tsis menyuam los ntawm nws lub contemporaries.

Lub neej yog ib tug zoo heev paub txog, nkaus nplooj siab mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab Science thiab Kazan University, tas lub ob hlis ntuj 24, 1856. Lobachevsky raug faus, thiab tsis lees paub tias thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej, nyob rau hauv Kazan, nyob Arsk toj ntxas. Tsuas yog tom qab ib tug ob peb xyoo lawm qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv lub scientific ntiaj teb twb hloov dramatically. Ib tug loj loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub paub thiab txais tej hauj lwm ntawm Nikolai Lobachevsky ua si ib txoj kev tshawb no Anri Puankare, Eugenio Beltrami, Feliksa Kleyna. To taub hais tias Euclidean geometry nyob full-fledged lwm txoj rau ib yam teeb meem loj rau cov scientific ntiaj teb no thiab muab ib tug ua kom muaj siab mus rau lwm cov siab tawv tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog sciences.

Qhov chaw thiab hnub yug ntawm Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky paub ntau contemporaries, txog rau lub caij nyoog sciences. Nyob rau hauv Honor Nikolaya Ivanovicha Lobachevskogo lub npe hu ua ib tug kev ua qab yias ntawm lub hli. Lub npe ntawm tus poj Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij muaj ib tug kev tshawb fawb tsev qiv ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Kazan, mus rau leej twg nws muaj nplooj siab ib tug lossis loj thooj ntawm koj lub neej. Tsis tas li ntawd Lobachevskian txoj kev nyob rau hauv ntau lub zos nyob rau hauv Russia, xws li nyob rau hauv Moscow, Kazan, Lipetsk.