Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia ib tug ntau ntawm cov mob, thaum ib tug mus xyuas foreigner multiplies nws lub yeeb koob thiab ua ib lub teb chaws muaj nuj nqis. Thiab Feofan Grek, ib tug neeg uas Byzantium, ib tug Greek los ntawm kev yug me nyuam (li no lub npe menyuam yaus) los ua ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj Lavxias teb sab icon painters.
Cov kev xaiv nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm Russia
Feem ntau cov yuav, yog tias Theophane txiav txim siab tsis mus radically hloov lawv lub neej, es tsis txhob mus txog nyob rau hauv ltalis nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub suite (yuav tsum) Tsam Cyprian, nws yuav tau poob ntawm ntau Byzantine ntxias. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Muscovy, nws tau los ua tus thawj ntawm lub ci ntsa iab galaxy ntawm painters. Txawm tias lub thoob plaws paub, hnub yug thiab kev tuag ntawm cov artist hu ua txog - 1340-1410 xyoo.
tsis muaj ntaub ntawv
Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias Feofan Grek, uas nws biography tej kev txhaum dawb me ntsis, tau yug los nyob rau hauv Byzantium, ua hauj lwm ob leeg nyob rau hauv Constantinople thiab nws cov suburbs - Chalcedon. Raws li fwm nyob rau hauv Feodosia (lub ces Kafa) frescoes yuav pom tias thaum lub sij hawm artist ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Genoese colony - Galata thiab Cafe. Tsis muaj leej twg nws Byzantine ua hauj lwm tsis tau dim, thiab lub ntiaj teb no koob meej tuaj rau nws ua tsaug rau cov ua hauj lwm ua nyob rau hauv Russia.
tshiab ncig
Ntawm no nws yog nyob rau hauv lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm tau ib lub caij nyoog rau tus ntoo khaub lig nrog ntau ntau tus neeg thaum lub sij hawm - Andrei Rublev, Sergius ntawm Radonezh, Dmitriem Donskim, Epiphanius cov Wise (uas nws tsab ntawv mus rau Archimandrite Kirill yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm biographical cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus poj icon neeg pleev kob) thiab Metropolitan Alexis. Nws yog ib lub zej zog ntawm ascetics, thiab cov kws qhia ntawv puas tau npaum li cas rau lub yeeb koob ntawm Russia.
Lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Theophanes lub Greek
Feofan Grek tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Novgorod nyob rau hauv 1370, uas yog tag nrho paub tab cov txiv neej thiab tsim artist. Nws tau nyob ntawm no rau ntau tshaj 30 xyoo, mus txog rau thaum nws tuag. Lub efficiency ntawm nws yog amazing. Raws li cov lus tim khawv ntawm lub tib lub Epiphanius cov Wise, Feofan Grek pleev xim rau tag nrho cov 40 lub koom txoos. Tsab ntawv Archimandrite Tver tus Cawm Seej-St monastery twb sau nyob rau hauv 1415, tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus tswv, thiab kom dim tsis nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv, thiab daim ntawv teev cov thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XVII caug xyoo. Muaj ib co keeb kwm paub meej tias cov lus muaj tseeb thiab ntxiv. Ib tug ntawm lawv hais tias nyob rau hauv 1378 nyob rau behest ntawm lub boyar Vasily Danilovich "Grechanina" twb pleev xim rau los ntawm Theophanes lub cev Hloov Hlo Koom Txoos, nyob rau hauv lub Commerce sab ntawm Veliky Novgorod.
Thaum pib ntawm lub Novgorod lub sij hawm
Feofana Greka frescoes ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv lub monastery pib nws cov thawj hais nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia. Lawv los txais kev cawmdim fragmentary, ua nyob rau hauv zoo heev mob, peb dim, thiab yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws masterpieces ntawm medieval kos duab. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub xeev yog pleev xim rau dome thiab phab ntsa uas tsis muaj tsev nyob rau hauv lub hu nkauj ua ke Trinity Chapel. Nyob rau hauv lub xam ntawm "Trinity" thiab Macarius ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws kom meej meej heev pom yus brushwork, uas muaj ib tug ci ntsa iab Feofan Grek. Lub dome fwm bust duab Pantocrator (Pantokratoras), uas yog lub feem ntau spectacular. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov fwm daim duab Dame. A nruas (ib feem yuav txhawb tau dome) - Image Eliyas thiab Ioana Predtechi. Thiab qhov no tseem ceeb rau cov frescoes, raws li, hmoov tsis, tsim dua ib tug xov tooj ntawm xyoo ntawm kev ua hauj lwm tsis tau yav tas los, thiab disputed los ntawm ib co kev soj ntsuam. Feem ntau, tag nrho cov lub frescoes ntawm lub monastery yeej ua nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshiab - yooj yim thiab sab, free strokes, xim khaws cia, txawm stingy, lub ntsiab mloog yog them rau cov neeg ntawm cov neeg ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntawm kev sau ntawv Feofana Greka paub tias nws kev philosophy.
Zog ntawm Guj kuj muaj peev xwm mus rau revive
Tsis tau muaj ib lub zoo yeej Dmitriya Donskogo, lub Golden Horde raids txuas ntxiv, hlawv Lavxias teb sab nroog puas tsuaj tas lawm lub tuam tsev. Tab sis cov neeg muaj zog ntawm Guj kuj hais tias nws revived, rebuilt thiab los ua zoo nkauj tshaj. Nyob rau hauv lub paintings rov qab los monasteries koom thiab Feofan Grek, uas txij thaum 1380 tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Nizhny Novgorod, nyob rau hauv ib tug kiag li burnt nyob rau hauv 1378 capital Suzdolsko-Nizhekorodskogo nqi zog. Tej zaum, nws yuav siv sij hawm yog ib feem nyob rau hauv nrag tus Cawm Seej Cathedral thiab lub Annunciation Monastery. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1392, cov artist ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Assumption Cathedral nyob rau hauv Kolomna ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Duchess Eudoxia, tus poj niam ntawm tub huabtais Dmitry. Tom qab ntawd lub Cathedral twb rebuilt ntau lub sij hawm, thiab lub frescoes twb tsis fwm.
Tsiv thiab Moscow
Feofan Grek, uas nws biography yog, hmoov tsis, heev feem ntau txuam nrog lo lus "liam", tom qab Kolomna tsiv mus rau Moscow. Ntawm no, thiab qhov no yog paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm lub Trinity Chronicle, thiab tsis paub hais tias tsab ntawv, nws pleev xim rau cov phab ntsa thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog peb lub tuam tsev. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, nws twb muaj nws tus kheej lub tsev kawm ntawv, cov tub kawm ntawv thiab cov thwjtim, thiab muaj tus nquag koom tes los ntawm Moscow tus naas ej icon neeg pleev kob Simon Dub nyob rau hauv 1395 Theophanes pleev xim rau cov phab ntsa ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm Nativity ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb Mary thiab lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Laxalau nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin. Tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm nqa tawm los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm lub tib lub Grand Duchess Eudoxia. Ib zaug ntxiv, peb yuav tsum lees hais tias pawg ntseeg tsis tau dim, uas twb muaj lawm tam sim no Grand Kremlin Palace sawv nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw.
Hmoov phem, yus hnov qab lub wizard
Pom zoo raws li ib tug ntse heev ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, tus icon neeg pleev kob Feofan Grek nrog nws cov thwj tim pib nyob rau hauv 1399 rau lub dai kom zoo ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, tag hlawv lub Khan ntawm lub Golden Horde thiab lub Tyumen nqi zog - Tokhtamysh. Los ntawm ib tsab ntawv ntawm Epiphanius kuv paub tias tus tswv pleev xim rau ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv lub tuam tsev Moscow Kremlin, nrog rau tag nrho nws lub koom txoos. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XVI xyoo pua Italian kes duab vajtse Aloisio Tshiab parses lub tuam tsev thiab ua nws tus kheej-hu ua tshiab extant.
Feofana Greka kos duab rau ntawm feem ntau yog ib feem tuaj ntawm lub frescoes, raws li nws yog txog rau thaum xaus ntawm nws hnub pleev xim rau cov phab ntsa hauv lub tsev teev ntuj. Nyob rau hauv 1405 nws cov hauj lwm tshuam nrog Andreya Rubleva ua hauj lwm thiab nws cov kws qhia ntawv - "laus los ntawm Gorodets", yog li hu rau Moscow icon neeg pleev kob Prokhor los ntawm Gorodets. Lub peb nto moo tshaj plaws nyuab ntawm nws lub sij hawm, ua ke tsim lub tsev teev ntuj lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Basil kuv, hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Annunciation Cathedral.
Cov frescoes twb tsis fwm - lub tsev hais plaub lub tsev teev ntuj twb, ntawm chav kawm, rebuilt.
txawm li cas los pov thawj
Yuav ua li cas yuav? Yuav ua li cas nco txog nws tus kheej sab laug mus rau xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tus poj Theophanes? Icons. Raws li ib tug ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm versions extant iconostasis ntawm lub Annunciation Cathedral ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin yog Ameslikas sau ntawv rau lub Assumption Cathedral nyob rau hauv Kolomna. Thiab tom qab qhov hluav taws kub nyob rau hauv 1547 tau tsiv mus rau lub Kremlin. Nyob rau hauv tib lub tsev teev ntuj yog "Our pojniam ntawm Don", lub icon nrog nws biography. Raws li ib tug ntawm cov muaj ntau "Rhiab" modifications (lwm lub npe - "Kev kaj siab ntawm tag nrho cov yeej"), ib tug legendary daim duab ntawm lub ceeb pab nyob rau hauv lub yeej yeej los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Duke Dmitry ntawm hordes ntawm lub Golden Horde nyob rau hauv 1380. Tom qab lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikov , thiab tus tub huabtais, thiab cov icon Tiv thaiv tau cov prefix "Don" thiab "Don". Tus heev duab ntawm ib tug ob-txoj kev - nyob rau hauv lub rov qab sab muaj yog ib tug "Assumption of tus ntxhais nkauj xwb." Priceless masterpiece khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Tretyakov Gallery. Peb nqa tawm kev ntsuam xyuas ntau, thiab ib tug yuav cam hais tias tus sau yog twv yuav raug hu Feofan Grek. Icons "plaub tug lej" thiab "Ioann Predtecha - Angel ntawm roob moj sab qhua nrog Scenes los ntawm Nws lub neej" yuav mus rau qhov kev ntawm ib tug neeg pleev kob tab sis nws tus kheej authorship yog disputed. Cov hauj lwm ntawm masters ntawm nws lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj xws li ib tug icon es loj loj, sau nyob rau hauv 1403 - "Transformation".
Lub paucity ntawm biographical cov ntaub ntawv
Tseeb, muaj ntau heev ob peb teev kom tej hauj lwm ntawm tus poj masters. Tab sis Epiphanius cov Wise, tus uas paub nws tus kheej, ua phooj ywg nrog nws, ces kawg rau cov txuj ci, versatility txuj ci, breadth ntawm kev txawj ntse uas tsis ntseeg hais tias nws zaj lus tim khawv yuav tsis tau. Dab dej sov Feofana Greka yog feem ntau raug nplua raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas Greek lub tsev kawm ntawv mus ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug muaj zog Byzantine yam ntawm painting. Qhov no xeeb tub, raws li sau tseg saum toj no, yog lub feem ntau nquag ntawm tag nrho cov sab nyob rau hauv 1910 los ntawm tseem muaj sia nyob tawg tsam ntawm phab ntsa paintings ntawm lub Novgorod Cathedral. Nws yog ib tug ntawm lub ntiaj teb no-nrov npe monuments ntawm kuj zoo kawg architecture ntawm medieval Russia. Lwm daim duab ntawm tus Cawm Seej, uas yog hais txog tej hauj lwm ntawm tus tswv, yog nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin rau lub Annunciation iconostasis.
Ib tug ntawm cov kuj zoo kawg "Trinity"
Ntawm cov frescoes ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj yog lwm masterpiece ntawm lub ntiaj teb tseem ceeb, tus neeg sau ntawm uas Feofan Grek. "Trinity" twb zoo fwm thiab yog nyob rau hauv lub gallery. Canonical zajlus "Hospitality ntawm Abraham" yog lub hauv paus ntawm no ua hauj lwm, tab sis yog nws daim duab nyob rau hauv lub xeeb tub twb tsis fwm, "Trinity" Tsim nyog ib tug tseem unrealized ncauj lus kom ntxaws txoj kev tshawb no. Nyob rau hauv nws tsab ntawv mus rau Epiphanius zoo siab ntau talents Feofana Greka - lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub cev, txuj ci txawj ntse luag, lub extraordinary yam ntawm kev sau ntawv. Raws li cov lus tim khawv ntawm tus txiv neej no, Greek, cov lwm yam, nws muaj ib tug txuj ci rau cov miniaturist. Thiab nws yog piav raws li ib tug icon neeg pleev kob, tswv ntawm monumental frescoes thiab tej yam me me. "Nws yog ib tug txhob txwm phau ntawv icon-neeg pleev kob" - suab no qhuas nyob rau hauv thawj. Authorship ntawm thumbnails los ntawm cov Psalter teej tug Ivanu Groznomu, thiab muab cia rau hauv lub Trinity-Sergius Lavra, yog rho nrog Feofanu Greku. Nws, los ntawm assumption, yog ib tug miniaturist "Txoj Moo Zoo ntawm Fyodor miv." Fifth tub Andrei Mares, ib tug ncaj qha txwv zeej txwv koob cov Romanovs, yog ib tug patron ntawm Feofana Greka. Cov phau ntawv yog beautifully dai kom zoo nkauj. Ntaus nws skilful txaws thiab npe ua los ntawm kub.
Feofana Greka qhia tias yog leejtwg
Ua ntej Theophanes ntau painters, thiab nws lub contemporaries, nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua nws cov hauj lwm yog raws li feem nyob rau hauv uas tau khij (slender qhia ua yav tas los nrog rau cov thawj). Ib tug dawb brushwork Greek amazed thiab ntxim ntau - "nws cia li ciali mus yuav txhais tes sau kos npe," - admires Epiphany, hu rau nws ib tug "zoo kawg nkaus tus txiv." Nws yeej muaj ib tug qhia tau artistic kheej. Tsis paub lub caij nyoog hnub ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm ib tug ntse heev, nyob rau hauv ib txhia qhov chaw txawm hais tias nws tuag tom qab 1405. Nyob rau hauv 1415, tus naas ej sau tsab ntawv hais lub Greek nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los tense. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tsis ciaj sia. Thiab faus Theophane, dua zaum qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Moscow. Tag nrho cov no yog tu siab heev, thiab hais tias tsuas yog hais tias Russia yeej ib txwm nyob dhau ib tug ntau ntawm kev kub ntxhov lub sij hawm, thaum lub sij hawm uas tus yeeb ncuab rhuav tshem cov heev lub cim xeeb ntawm cov neeg uas tau ua rau nws lub yeeb koob.