Tus qauv thiab them nyiaj ntawm lub nucleus ntawm ib tug atom

Qhov tseeb hais tias txhua yam yog tsim los ntawm cov elementary hais, zaum tau lam xav txawm ancient Greece. Tab sis tsis pom nws los yog tsis pom zoo nyob rau hauv cov hnub muaj tsis muaj txoj kev. Yog, thiab lub zog ntawm cov atoms nyob rau hauv lub ancient lub sij hawm yuav tsuas xam raws li lawv lub tswvyim ntawm lub ntau yam tshuaj.

Ua pov thawj tias tag nrho cov teeb meem muaj elementary hais, tsuas yog ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 thiab ces kov. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, physicists thiab chemists tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb no twb sim los ua ib tug unified kev tshawb xav ntawm elementary hais, piav txog lawv cov qauv thiab piav txog ntau yam zog, xws li cov nuclear xwb.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm molecules, atoms thiab lawv lug tau mob siab rau tej hauj lwm ntawm ntau zaum. Physics maj txav mus rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub microcosm - elementary hais thiab lawv sib tham zog. Zaum ua xav nyob rau hauv dab tsi ua li lub atomic nucleus, hypotheses thiab sim los ua pov thawj rau lawv, yam tsawg kawg yog kov.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, raws li qhov yooj yim kev tshawb xav tau txais los ntawm lub planetary qauv ntawm atomic qauv npaj los ntawm Ernest Rutherford thiab Niels Bohr. Raws li no ziag no, tus nqi ntawm tej atom ntawm lub nucleus yog zoo, thaum nws orbits Tig los tsis zoo them electrons, nws thiaj li ua atom yog electrically nruab nrab. Thaum lub sij hawm, no ziag no twb tau hais ntau ntau zaus paub tseeb hais tias ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm thwmsim, pib nrog qhov kev paub ntawm ib qho ntawm nws co-sau phau ntawv.

Niaj hnub nimno nuclear physics yog lub hom phiaj ntawm lub Rutherford-Bohr tus yuav tsum muaj kev tshawb fawb ntawm atoms thiab tag nrho lawv tej ntsiab yog raws li nyob rau hauv nws. Nyob rau lwm cov tes feem ntau ntawm cov hypotheses uas muaj emerged tshaj yav dhau los 150 xyoo, luag yeej tsis tau paub tseeb hais tias. Nws hloov tawm hais tias nuclear physics rau feem ntau yog ib tug theoretical saib ntawm lub ultra-me me luaj li cas ntawm cov khoom raug kawm.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub ntiaj teb no seb puas muaj tus them nyiaj txhuas tub ntxhais, rau Piv txwv li (los yog lwm yam caij) yog yooj yim npaum li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, thiab txawm ntau li ntawd - nyob rau hauv ancient Greece. Tab sis ua tshiab discoveries nyob rau hauv daim teb no, zaum tej zaum tuaj rau tsab cov lus xaus. Sim mus nrhiav kev daws ntawm ib qho teeb meem, lub physics ntawm elementary hais yog ntsib nrog cov tshiab txoj kev sib tw thiab paradoxes.

Chiv Rutherford kev tshawb xav hais tias cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub substance nyob ntawm seb dab tsi hauv them nyiaj ntawm lub nucleus ntawm cov atom thiab nws, raws li ib tug tsim nyog tau, tus xov tooj ntawm electrons, rotating nyob rau hauv nws cov orbit. Niaj hnub nimno Science News for KIDS thiab physics siab txhawb no version. Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias txoj kev tshawb ntawm molecular qauv chiv repelled los ntawm qhov nyuaj qauv - ib tug hydrogen atom, muaj ib tug saib xyuas ntawm lub nucleus yog sib npaug zos rau 1, lub hom phiaj yog tag nrho muaj feem xyuam rau tag nrho cov ntsiab ntawm cov periodic rooj nrog cov tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb co thiab tej tshuaj, npaj artificially nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xeem xyoo txhiab.

Curiously, ntev ua ntej Rutherford kev tshawb fawb English chemist tus kws kho mob William Prout tsim cai hais tias cov kev faib ua feem ntawm tshuaj muab ntau yam ntawm lub hydrogen index. Nws ces pom tias tag nrho lwm yam ntsiab tsuas ua los ntawm hydrogen, ntawm tej yooj yim theem. Hais tias, piv txwv li, nitrogen, particle - ib tug particle 14 xws yam tsawg kawg nkaus cov pa - .. 16, thiab lwm yam Yog hais tias peb xav txog qhov no ziag thoob ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv niaj hnub txhais lus, nws yog feem ntau yeej muaj tseeb.