Luv luv biography Ivana Fedorova - pioneer, rau cov neeg laus thiab cov me nyuam sau

Niaj hnub no, peb tau ua ib yam ntaub ntawv - cov phau ntawv, cov phau ntawv Magazine, nqi ntawv xov xwm. Lawv yog cov pheej yig, yog muaj dav, uas yog vim li cas tus cwj pwm ntawm lawv yog feem ntau tsis hwm thiab lwj liam. Thiab ib zaug rau hauv phau ntawv yog kim kim tshaj kub, lawv muaj tsuas muaj qhov nplua nuj heev. Cov creation ntawm ib tug tib phau ntawv siv ntau xyoo, tej zaum xyoo lawm. Nws yog ib tug yooj yim thiab painstaking ceev zog, thiab txoj cai yuav tsum tau cov tub sau ntawv suav hais tias ib lub sam xeeb, uas muaj peev xwm tau txais tsis txhua leej txhua tus.

Nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, tej yam uas pib hloov nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua 15th, thaum lub German Johann Gutenberg invented lub printing xovxwm. Nyob rau hauv Russia, thawj printing xovxwm nyob rau hauv cov kev txiav txim Ioanna Groznogo nyob rau hauv 1563 los ua Ivan Fedorov. Yuav ua li cas peb paub txog nws hnub no? Luv luv biography Ivana Fedorova - pioneer, rau cov me nyuam thiab cov laus yuav tsum tau heev nthuav. Nws yog hais hauv qab no.

keeb kwm

Rau tej historians tsis paub hnub yug thiab chaw yug Ivana Fedorova, nws kev nrhiav caj ceg. Nws yog ntseeg hais, txawm li cas los, hais tias nws tau yug los nyob rau hauv Moscow, qhov chaw ntawm lub xyoo 1510 thiab 1530, tau koom lub qub Belarusian Ragozina. Muaj ntau soj ntsuam ntawm pioneer lub neej hais tias nws tau yug los nyob rau hauv 1510 nyob rau hauv lub Kaluga xeev.

pib biography

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias Ivan Fedorov kawm nyob rau University of Cracow 1529 rau 1532 thiab tau txais ib bachelor degree. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv yog fwm nyob rau hauv lub University archives. Tej zaum nws yog no hais tias nws xub hnov txog lub typography.

Rov qab nyob rau hauv lub capital, tus tub hluas tuaj koom lub Koom Txoos ntawm St. Nicholas Gostunskii. Educated, zoo-nyeem, zoo-bred, nws tuaj nyob rau hauv lub patronage ntawm Metropolitan Macarius. Cov yav tas yog nyob ze rau Tsar Ivan qhov txaus ntshai, thiab nws tseem yuav hais tias nws yog nws leej twg tswv yim mus rau haj yam tso siab lub creation ntawm cov thawj printing xovxwm nyob rau hauv Russia muaj peev xwm txiv neej hluas.

Cov kev siv ntawm tus thawj Lavxias teb sab printing tsev

Luv luv biography Ivana Fedorova - pioneer, rau cov me nyuam thiab cov laus qhia ib qho tseem ceeb fact. Nyob rau hauv 1550, lub neej Fedorov ua ib tug ntse tig. Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Ioanna Groznogo nws twb qhia miv printing. Launched ib tug loj heev kev lag luam ntawm tus dais los ntawm cov thawj Lavxias teb sab printing. Loyal pab tho kev rau hauv lub nyuaj ua hauj lwm los ua Peter Mstislavets thiab Marusha Nerefev. Cov hauj lwm twb tiav xwb nyob rau hauv 1563.

"Tus Thwj Tim" thiab "Breviary"

Plaub Hlis Ntuj 17, 1563 tus tswv pib tsim thawj phau ntawv "Tus Thwj Tim." Nws tau ua tiav lawm yuav luag ib xyoo. Cov hauj lwm hnub nws cov ntawv yog xav tau lub peb hlis ntuj 1, 1564.

Tej nyuag Phau ntawv sau ntawm Ivan Fedorov - pioneer, rau cov me nyuam los yog rau cov neeg laus sau ntawv, nco ntsoov hais hauv phau ntawv no, tab sis pheej tsis tshua mus xws nthuav lus muaj tseeb:

• phau ntawv muaj 268 los xij, ntawm uas 262 suav;
• Nws twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv lub qub Slavonic hom lus;
• printing siv liab thiab dub, nrog liab luam lub npe ntawm cov tshooj;
• thawj tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm txhua tshooj tshiab twb kos los ntawm txhais tes los ntxias;
• Txhua tshooj muaj tau decked zoo nkauj floral qhia txog yam tshiab xuas tes ua;
• tag nrho ncig ntawm "Apostle" yog 1,000 luam, cov uas tsuas 47 dim.

Nyob rau hauv 1565, ob tshooj twb tso tawm ib tug thib ob phau ntawv - "Breviary." Ntawm 345 luam kom dim xwb 7.

sib ntaus

Tom ntej no, ib tug nyuag Phau ntawv sau ntawm Ivan Fedorov - pioneer, rau cov me nyuam thiab cov laus sau ntawv, qhia rau peb hais tias nws yuav tsum tau khiav tawm ntawm Moscow. Muaj ob peb yog vim li cas:

• rau ib tug tho kev tiv thaiv ntau tshaj lub teeb rau kev ntshai uas yuav ua rau kev nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv hauv phau ntawv printing siv tau rau cov neeg thiab kawm ntawv cov neeg ntau npaum li cas yooj yim rau koj khiav lag luam;
• Lawv tsis txaus siab nrog cov xib hwb nyob rau hauv monasteries, leej twg ua tau poob lawv khob cij;
• txiv plig tshaj tawm diabolical invention ntawm lub printing tsev.

Laub rau kev khiav muab riam phom nyob rau hauv 1566, uas tau nyob rau hauv thawj lub tshuab luam ntawv Ivan Fedorov poob yuav luag tag nrho cov kawm. Nws tau mus rau Lithuania.

Lithuanian lub sij hawm

Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania twb txais tos luam Goldsmiths. Tus thawj tshuab luam ntawv Ivan Fyodorov siv Hetman Chodkiewicz tau ua ib tug tshiab printing cog rau hauv Zabludovo. Nyob rau hauv 1568-1569 gg. Nws twb luam tawm "didactic txoj moo zoo", thiab nyob rau hauv 1570 pom qhov kev tso tawm ntawm "Psalter nrog chasoslovtsem".

Rau ib txhia tsis paub hais tias yog vim li cas Chodkiewicz mam li nco dheev txiav tawm nyiaj txiag rau printing, Fedorov tau nthuav ib lub zos me me thiab qhia mus koom nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb. Ivan Fedorov - pioneer, ib tug luv luv biography rau cov me nyuam thiab cov laus uas yog tau piav nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, tseem ncaj ncees rau nws ua. Nws sau lawv tej khoom thiab nrog rau cov tsev neeg (koj paub, hais tias nws muaj ib tug poj niam thiab cov me nyuam) tau tsiv mus rau lub nroog.

Ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Lviv

Qhov thib peb lub sij hawm, thawj lub tshuab luam ntawv Ivan Fyodorov pib lub neej anew. Nws tau tsa ib luam lub tsev, qhov chaw uas nyob rau hauv 1574 nws luam tawm 2 phau ntawv:

• "Tus Thwj Tim" nrog ntxiv thiab kho;
• "Primer".

Cov yav tas - ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Ua ntej peb lub sij hawm tau mus txog xwb 1 lom ntawm nws. Niaj hnub no, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub Harvard tsev qiv ntawv.

Tsiv thiab sunset

Nyob rau hauv 1575, Fedorov tau caw ib tug los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov richest nobles - Konstantina Ostrozhskogo, muaj ib tug printing xovxwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kaw neeg nyob rau hauv Volyn. Pioneer txais qhov kev thiab tsiv rov qab mus rau ib qhov chaw tshiab. Muaj nyiaj nobleman nws tau tsim tsa lub printing xovxwm.

Ostrog yog tus tshaj plaws fruitful lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm Ivan Fedorov. Nrog rau cov 1578 thiab 1581 xyoo. nws tso tawm 6 phau ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv 1582, tus tswv sau tus neeg mob rov qab mus rau nws tsev neeg nyob rau hauv Lvov, qhov uas nws tuag nyob rau hauv cov neeg txom nyem nyob rau hauv 1583. Nws raug faus nyob rau hauv lub monastery ntawm St. Onufrievskom. Qhov no twb ib nyuag Phau ntawv sau txog Ivan Fedorov - pioneer, rau cov me nyuam thiab cov laus sau.