Tus thawj phau ntawv. Tus thawj Lavxias teb sab luam phau ntawv no. Tus thawj luam phau ntawv

Cov zaj dab neeg ntawm phau ntawv no heev fascinating. Nws tag nrho cov pib rov qab nyob rau hauv Mesopotamia txog tsib txhiab xyoo dhau los. Thawj phau ntawv muaj me ntsis nyob rau hauv ntau nrog cov niaj hnub nrws. Cov no yog cov av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj nyob rau hauv uas tau thov Babylonian cuneiform tej yam tshwm sim siv sharpened sticks. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no tau domestic tsuag, tab sis archeologists twb muaj hmoo mus nrhiav tau qhov kev piav qhia ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb keeb kwm cov txheej xwm, myths xwb, legends. Peb pog koob yawg koob sau ntawv mus rau txhua xws phaj ob los yog peb lub sij hawm, yooj yim erasing yav tas los inscribed. Tus thawj cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Npanpiloo tau dozens, thiab tej zaum kuj pua pua ntawm cov nplooj ntawv uas yog thawj av nplaum, muab tso rau hauv ib tug ntoo lub thawv, tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv lub qub hnub losis tswvyim dabtsi.

Ntawm kev txaus siab yog ib tug lossis loj cov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm lub Assyrian huab tais Ashurbanipal. Nws yog ib qho chaw khaws cov kaum ntawm txhiab ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv rau ntau yam sectors. Tu siab, kom dim tsis yog txhua txhua cim artifacts.

Iyiv innovation

Tam sim no nws yog heev yooj yim mus nrhiav tau ib tug neeg uas paub kiag li tsis muaj dab tsi hais txog cov kab lis kev cai ntawm ancient Egypt. Feem ntau ntawm peb mus mloog tam sim ntawd los Papyrus - daim ntawv tsab. Nws twb zus nyob rau hauv loj tus xov tooj nrog lub shores ntawm lub zoo Nile. Stems ntawm cov nroj tsuag raug txiav mus rau hauv ib daim hlab, qhuav thiab glued ua ke. Tom qab tag nrho cov manipulations Papyrus ua tib zoo ironed pob zeb muab nws smoothness.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus number case ces, tsis muaj leej twg paub vim li cas cov thawj thawj tau tsim siv zaub inks. Hom cwj mem tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug slender reed. Ancient Egyptians ntaus nqi tsis siv neeg recorder cwj mem ntawm cov thawj tsim muaj. Craftsmen pib mus ncuav rau xim mus rau hauv ib tug hollow reed, muab ib tug kwj nruam ntawm number case tsab.

Rau kom yooj yim, lub papyrus phau ntawv ib kawg ntawm rau daim kab xev tau txuas mus rau ib tug stick, thiab nws tau lub qhov txhab yob nws tus kheej. Ntoo los yog tawv mob tau intertwined.

Tim lyiv teb chaws yog tsis nyob ib leeg ...

Lawm, cov phau ntawv twb tsim tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm lub Pharaohs. Khab, piv txwv li, tus thawj phau ntawv sau los ntawm xibtes nplooj, uas yog ces sewn meej thiab kos nyob rau hauv lub losis tswvyim dabtsi ntawm ntoo. Tu siab, vim hais tias muaj coob zus tuaj hluav taws kub thiab natural disasters, ib daim qauv ntawm cov sij hawm tsis tau ciaj sia.

Europeans tshuav lawv cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv parchment. Qhov no daim ntawv hais ib tsab ntawm ib tug qhia tshwj xeeb uas kho tawv nqaij. Suav invention ntawm daim ntawv sau rau ntawm cov phiaj ua los ntawm xyoob stalks. Raws li ib tug hypothesis (uas yog tsuas yog cov muaj tseeb), cov neeg nyob Celestial rho cim siv cov pob caus ntawd khi nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev. Txawm li cas los, qhov no version muaj ib tug ntau ntawm unspecified pov thawj, yog li xav txog nws plausible, peb yuav tsis tau.

Feem ntau cov chaw hais tias daim ntawv txiag - CAI Lun - nyob rau hauv Nyiv txog ib puas xyoo tsib BC. Nyob rau tom ntej ob peb centuries hauv daim ntawv qhia rau cov uas raug ua los ntawm daim ntawv, yog ib tug nruj tsis pub leejtwg paub. Rau nws cov kev qhia tawm raug teeb meem txaus ntshai rau txim.

Lawv excelled nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no thiab cov koom pheej: tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg, cov thawj teem lawv daim ntawv qauv, reminiscent ntawm cov feem ntau niaj hnub version. Cov yooj yim ntaub ntawv uas twb ntxuav ntaub plaub. Thaum sib nplaum ib tug neeg los xij tau ntev yob (mus txog tsib caug meters).

Tom qab tus me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv thiab cov creation ntawm lub Slavic ntawv Language nyob rau hauv Russia, dhau lawm, tau thawj zaug tau pom tes sau phau ntawv.

Cov kev hloov mus rau lub tshuab

Nws invented ib tug me me printing xovxwm ob zaug nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj thiab nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Historians tseem tsis hu ib tug kev pom zoo yuav ua li cas thiab thaum twg luam tawm thawj luam phau ntawv no. Raws li ib co lus ceeb toom, Suav tau tsim inventive tshuab nyob rau hauv 581 BC. Raws li lwm qhov chaw, qhov no tshwm sim nruab nrab ntawm cov 936 th thiab 993 th xyoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus thawj sau phau ntawv, creation hnub, uas yog sau ua ntaub ntawv, luam tawm nyob rau hauv 868. Nws yog ib qho txaus daim qauv ntawm cov pob zeb Diamond Tseeb Duantais Xylographic hauj sam.

Lub Europeans muaj lawv txiv printing. Qhov no Johann Guttenberg. Nws yog tus founder ntawm lub printing xovxwm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Guttenberg yees tshuab (tseem ceeb tshwm sim coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1440). Tus thawj sau phau ntawv yog tseem zoo heev rau cov handwritten, nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm prints, richly decorated cover thiab ib tug stylized font. Chiv luam tawm phau ntawv twb kim heev, vim hais tias mus tsim lawv yog raws li yooj yim li handwritten.

Qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub thib kaum tsib xyoo pua twb cim los ntawm cov kis ntawm printing nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Yog li, nyob rau hauv 1465 nws tau nrhiav tau ib tug Rhiav nyob rau hauv ltalis. Nyob rau hauv 1468, thawj publishing tsev yog tsim los pab nyob rau hauv Switzerland, thiab nyob rau hauv 1470 - nyob rau hauv Fabkis. Peb xyoos tom qab - nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, Hungary thiab Belgium, peb lub xyoos tom qab - nyob rau hauv lub UK thiab lub Czech koom pheej. nyob rau hauv Sweden, thiab nyob rau hauv plaub lub xyoos - - nyob rau hauv Portugal printing Rhiav nyob rau hauv Denmark thiab Austria, nyob rau hauv 1483 nws tau qhib nyob rau hauv 1482. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev ua ib printing ua lag luam, thiab nrog nws sib txeeb publishers muaj ob xyoo lawm.

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws printing tsev thaum txog lub sij hawm sawv daws khoom ib rau Aldus Manutius - nto moo humanist los ntawm Venice. Nyob rau hauv nws trademark hauj lwm twb luam tawm xws zoo sau phau ntawv li Aristotle, Herodotus, Plato, Plutarch, Demosthenes thiab Thucydides.

Raws li cov nqi ntawm cov phau ntawv tsis raws li kev txhim kho cov luam ntawv txheej txheem. Qhov no kuj pab mus rau loj muab faib rau ntawm daim ntawv.

Tus thawj phau ntawv

David lub Invincible - mathematician VI caug xyoo - thawj lub sij hawm yog ib tug nyeem nyob rau hauv uas xam cov kev cai thiab cov qauv raug kaw. Tam sim no, muaj yog ib tug tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv phau ntawv Matenadaran (ib daim ntawv ntawm txheej thaud nyob rau hauv Yerevan).

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm birchbark cov ntaub ntawv

Thawj phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia yog ib tug sib raug zoo birch ntawv. Nws yog li no nyob rau hauv lub XI-XV centuries, peb pog koob yawg koob tau sib ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv. Archaeologists thawj muaj hmoo txaus saib cov birch ntoo nyob rau hauv 1951 nyob rau hauv Novgorod. AV Artsiholovsky taws uas nto moo archaeological ntoj ke mus kawm.

Ntawv scratched rau daim tawv, siv ib tug ntse hlau los yog pob txha wand (pisalom). Feem ntau cov pom birchbark cov ntaub ntawv yog private cov tsiaj ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv cov neeg muaj feem xyuam rau economic thiab domestic teeb meem, muab cov lus qhia, piav qhia txog qhov teeb meem. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj humorous ntawv cov neeg pluag tawm tsam tiv thaiv feudal domination, cov npe ntawm cov dej num, cov xov xwm los ntawm nom ua tswv, cov yuav.

Los ntawm 1951 mus 1981, lub xyoo no nws twb pom txog rau puas tsiaj ntawv (feem ntau - nyob rau hauv Novgorod, ntau yam piv txwv - nyob rau hauv Vitebsk, Smolensk, Pskov thiab Staraya Russa).

Tej hauj lwm los ntawm contemporary artists

tus ntawv sau hu ua "versification" nyob rau hauv lub Novosibirsk lub koom haum ntawm keeb kwm. Nws raug muab tshaj mus rau lub archaeologist Natalia Zolnikova. Lub hauv paus ntawm tus ntawv sau los ua ntaug tawv heev zoo lossis pleev tau duab. Txawm li cas los, qhov no tsis yog ib qho ancient yam cuav, thiab ib tug niaj hnub ua hauj lwm. Phau Ntawv tsim lub inhabitants ntawm lub qub Believer hais sib haum, nyob rau lub Lower Yenisei. Nws hloov tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv peb hnub daim tawv kuj siv tau raws li daim ntawv.

Ntawv sau nyob rau hauv Russia

Tus thawj Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv, los ntawm tus cwj mem ntawm lub ancient Slavs, twb hu ua "Glagolitic Kiev leaflets." Nws yog sib cav tias nws tau tsim txog ib txhiab xyoo dhau los. Lub hiob nyob Lavxias teb sab ntawv sau phau ntawv - "Ostrom Moo Zoo" - hnub rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua eleventh.

Lub advent ntawm printing khw

Tus thawj sau phau ntawv pib tshwm nyob rau hauv Russia tom qab 1522 yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo no tau pib khiav hauj lwm ib tug luam lub tsev, nyob rau hauv Vilnius. Lub initiator ntawm nws foundations yog Frantsisk Skorina - lub legendary Belarusian enlightener. Ua ntej ntawd, nws twb muaj kev nyob rau hauv lub typography: nws luam tawm "Ntawv Nkauj" lub thib rau nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 1517. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Prague, qhov twg nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm ib tug thawj coj zoo nyob.

Tus thawj Lavxias teb sab luam phau ntawv

Tus thawj sau hnub tim ib tsab, uas twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv Russia, yog hu ua "Tus Thwj Tim." Pawg ntseeg no phau ntawv, uas twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv lub capital nyob rau hauv 1564. Nws creator - Ivan Fedorov. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem muab kev koom tes Peter Mstislavets (thaum nws yog ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm Fedorov). Nws yog ib cov neeg yog mus ib txhis nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li tus creator ntawm cov thawj Lavxias teb sab luam phau ntawv no. Cim tsab muaj 268 los xij ntsuas 21h14 cm Kev thaum lub sij hawm yog ib qho impressive -. Ib me ntsis tsawg tshaj li ob txhiab luam. Tam sim no pom 61 phau ntawv.

Tus thawj kev nyeem ntawv ntawm ib phau ntawv - dab tsi nws yog?

Tus thawj Lavxias teb sab luam phau ntawv no, ua tsaug rau uas peb pog koob yawg koob mastered nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv, dhau lawm, twb tso tawm tswv Ivanom Fedorovym. Nws tshwm sim ntau tshaj plaub lub xyoos dhau los. Nws muaj cov kev cai ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li qhia aphorisms, paub qab hau sayings thiab tej lus qhia.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm primer

Cov phau ntawv uas los ntawm nws yog ua tau kom tau kev txawj ntse, yog tus feem ntau revered nyob rau hauv Russia. Cov no, ntawm chav kawm, muaj, thiab primers. Lawv yog cov neeg kho ntawm lub Moscow printing lub tsev hais plaub. Tus thawj cov me nyuam phau ntawv twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1634. Nws lub npe - "Primer Slavonic lus, uas yog hais tias thaum pib ntawm detem tej lus qhia hotyashe qhia kev nyeem ntawv ntawm vaj." Sau ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm - Basil Burtsev-Protopopov.

Creation ntawm cov thawj Lavxias teb sab ntawd piv txwv primer koom Carion Istomin - mlom, kawm thiab kws sau paj lug. Nws tau ua lawv cov zoo tshaj plaws: txhua tsab ntawv twb nrog los ntawm ib daim duab ntawm cov kev kawm, pib nrog tsab ntawv no. Cov phau ntawv pub rau peb kawm Polish, Latin thiab Greek cov tsiaj ntawv, thiab muaj ib zoo tsis muaj phau ntawv nyob rau hauv kev cai dab qhuas ntxhais nyob rau hauv nws. Lub novelty yog qhov tseeb hais tias phau ntawv no yog npaj rau cov me nyuam ntawm nws kuj ( "cov tub qhe" thiab "damsel").

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm bookplates

Tus thawj Lavxias teb sab luam phau ntawv uas muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb lub cim qhia ua tswv cuab ntawm ib tug tej yam cov tsev qiv ntawv, pom lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua. Thaum lub sij hawm, qhov loj tshaj plaws phau ntawv collections yuav khav associates ntawm Peter lub Great, xws li Bruce J. thiab D. Golitsyn. Tag nrho cov ntawv luam ntawm lawv collections adorned Miniatures Stamp thiab font tsim.

xaiv mini

Lub npe ntawm cov thawj luam phau ntawv tsuas 6.5 by 7.5 centimeters - "Cov kos duab ntawm kev ua funny nyob rau hauv kev sib tham." Cim daim ntawv twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1788. Nyob rau hauv 1885 Krylov dab neeg sau muaj tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawv qhov luaj li cas ntawm ib tus qauv nqi xa ntawv nyiaj muas. Yuav kom muab lub zoo sau nyob rau hauv lub npe pob zeb Diamond raug xaiv. Koj puas paub tias dab tsi lub npe ntawm tus thawj sau phau ntawv ntawm tej yam me me luaj li cas, luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union? Nws yog tus Constitution ntawm lub RSFSR. Nws twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1921 nyob rau hauv Kineshma. Phau Ntawv loj - peb thiab ib nrab mus rau tsib centimeters.

Tam sim no, muaj ntau dua ib tug puas tej yam me me phau ntawv. Biggest sau - ua hauj lwm los ntawm Pushkin - nws tsib caug phau ntawv. Cog lus cov ntaub ntawv yog verses volume li qhov ntim ntawm 0,064 cubic meters. hli. Nws creator - ib tug pej xeem artist M. Maslyuk los ntawm Zhmerinka (Vinnitsa cheeb tsam, Ukraine.).

giant nrws

Qhov loj tshaj ancient phau ntawv no yog ib tug sau nyob rau hauv Armenian cai "cov lus qhuab qhia Mushskogo monastery." Nws tsim tshaj yav dhau los ob xyoos - los ntawm 1200 txog 1202-th. Phau Ntawv luj yog nees nkaum xya thiab ib tug ib nrab kilograms. Loj kuj impressive - 55,5 rau 70,5 cm cim Piv txwv li muaj rau ob los xij, txhua tus uas tau ncaim ib hlis qub plab hlaub daim tawv nqaij .. Nyob rau hauv 1204 tus ntawv sau twb muaj neeg nyiag los ntawm lub Seljuks. ntau tshaj plaub txhiab drams tau sau rau txoj kev txhiv ntau cov neeg nyob rau Armenian zos (nco ntsoov: ib drachma sib npaug rau 4,65 g ntawm silver). Ntau tshaj xya centuries, tus ntawv sau yog nyob rau hauv lub monastery lub zos ntawm Mush, nyob rau hauv Western Armenia. Nyob rau hauv 1915 nws migrated rau lub tsev ceev nyiaj Matenadaran nyob rau hauv Yerevan. Nws tshwm sim vim hais tias ntawm lub Turkish massacres, vim hais tias ntawm cov uas phau ntawv ua hauj lwm cim tshwm sim yuav tsuas raug rhuav tshem.

pob zeb phau Vajlugkub

Phau Ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv txawv kev kawm yuav pom thaum lub sij hawm mus ntsib ib tug mus rau lub Xeev Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Art, nyob rau hauv Georgia. Ib zaug thaum ib lub sij hawm tus tswv carved nees nkaum scenes ntawm cov tshiab thiab qub Testaments rau slabs ntawm pob zeb. Qhov no yog qhov piv txwv. Cov yam cuav twb pom nyob rau hauv lub Abkhazian alpine zos Tsebelda.

Tam sim no raws li txoj cai

Nyob rau hauv lub nineties ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua nyob rau hauv phau ntawv ua tau cai dynamic transformation. Qhov no yog vim noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev, kev nom kev tswv thiab nyiaj txiag kev hloov. Yog li, lub publishing kev lag luam yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj ceg, uas pib qhov kev hloov mus rau ib tug ua lag luam khwv nyiaj txiag. Cov phau ntawv muaj tau ntshai ua ib yam twj paj nruas uas entrepreneurial kev ua si. Yog vim li cas yog li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb txoj cai ntawm lub xeev protectionism nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab cov phau ntawv ua lag ua luam raws li nws yog ib tug constituent.

Nyob rau hauv lub Kwvyees li xyoo 1990, cov ntawv thiab tis ntawm cov phau ntawv yog ib tug muaj txiaj ntsim ua lag ua luam. Cov kev tshab txhais yog heev yooj yim: lub teb chaws twb muaj ib tug mob txaus ntawm tej khoom muag. Txawm li cas los, qhov no tsis kav ntev. Tom qab hais txog tsib lub xyoos, lub lag luam yog nyeem. Buyers pib xaiv cov phau ntawv uas zoo kho mob. Raws li cov kev sib tw los ua ib qho kev nce ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm mus ua si yam ntxwv xws li cov khoom zoo thiab lub koob npe nrov ntawm manufacturers thiab distributors. Cov teev lub sij hawm yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub sib qhia ntawm txhais lub npe. Yog li, nyob rau hauv 1993 txawv teb chaws sau phau ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv yog yuav luag tsib caug feem pua ntawm cov publishing khoom.

Niaj hnub no muaj yog inconstancy nyeem 'nyiam. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Soviet lub sij hawm, tej hauj lwm ntawm ib tug neeg sau tau nrov rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, nws yog tam sim no ib daim ntawv teev best-sellers yog hloov ntawm breakneck ceev. Qhov no pab blossomed mus rau tag nrho paj muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm kev xav, kev txaus siab thiab nyiam cov pej xeem.