Lub neej thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub pre-Mongol Rus (10-13 centuries)

Lub harmonious txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Qub Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai raug ncua los ntawm cov Mongol ntxeem tau nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XIII xyoo pua. Yog li ntawd, historians thiab sib cais los ntawm lub thawj zaug lub sij hawm ntawm nws evolution (IX-XIII cc.) Los ntawm tag nrho tom ntej. Inseparable ib feem ntawm lub kab lis kev cai yog ib txoj kev ntawm lub neej - tag nrho cov uas nyob puag ncig lub neej txhua hnub ntawm zoo tib yam neeg ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg thiab lub Eastern Slavic zej zog.

architecture

Zoo li tag nrho cov kab lis kev cai ua ntej-Mongol Russia, lub teb chaws tus architecture tau hloov dramatically txij li thaum tus me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv thiab cov layering ntawm lub Byzantine kev lig kev cai nyob rau hauv ancient. Thaj tsim kho ntawm lub sab hnub tuaj Slavs txij ancient sij hawm twb huts thiab teev cabins. Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb, nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov tsam tau tsim ib tug nplua nuj kev lig kev cai ntawm ntoo.

Zeb vaj tse nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm X xyoo pua, thaum lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub caw ntawm tub huabtais Vladimir tuaj txog Greek architects. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj kev cai monuments ntawm pre-Mongol Russia twb ua tau nyob rau hauv Kiev - "leej niam ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub zos." Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 989 pib qhov kev siv ntawm ib lub pob zeb tsev teev ntuj ib feem kaum, uas los ua ib tug lub tsev teev ntuj, nyob tom ntej no mus rau lub None lub tsev hais plaub.

Tom qab ntawd ancient Lavxias teb sab monumental architecture kis lub Eastern Slavic pawg neeg thaj av. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI nyob rau hauv Novgorod Saint Sophia Cathedral twb tsa - hnub no nws yog lub ntsiab attraction ntawm lub nroog. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tuam tsev no yog xav tau lub tsev teev ntuj hiob ua los ntawm cov Slavs thiab fwm rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Russia. Nws Sophia Cathedral yog tseem nyob rau hauv Kiev. Ib tug zoo heev monument ntawm architecture yog lub Koom Txoos ntawm cov Intercession rau lub Nerl, ua nyob rau hauv lub Vladimir nqi zog nyob rau hauv XII caug xyoo.

Fortifications feem ntau sawv cev hauv lub nroog phab ntsa, tuaj txoos ua ke los ntawm ib tug ntoo ncej (raws li lawv tau hu ua Gorodnitsa). Sab Saud tsim ib tug platform rau cov garrison thiab crevices ntawm uas tau nqa tawm shooting nyob rau yeeb ncuab. Ntxiv tiv thaiv tau yees (Vezha). Major lub zos tau muaj li ntawm rau lwm phab ntsa, cov citadel thiab lub puab fortress. Cov phab ntsa hauv cov princely capitals tau ua ntawm pob zeb. Sab nraum lub sprawling suburbs qhov twg settles artisans thiab lwm yam neeg.

painting

Los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub Byzantine Orthodox kab lis kev cai ntawm pre-Mongol Rus enriched tsis tsuas cov kev lig kev cai ntawm lub tsev pob zeb temples, tab sis kuj tshiab tiam sis nyob rau hauv painting. Tej yam li xeeb tub, mosaics thiab icons tau ua ib feem ntawm lub neej ntawm lub Eastern Slavs. Nyob rau hauv daim duab, tus Greek cawv yog check ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv architecture, uas yog twb nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm muaj ib tug thawj qub Lavxias teb sab style. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias, piv txwv li, muaj ib tug nruj iconography ntawm lub Christian canon, los ntawm uas tus tswv tsis tau tsiv mus nyob rau ob peb centuries.

Sib nrug los ntawm kev cai dab qhuas thiab secular painting muaj. Ib tug piv txwv ntawm no ib hom ntawv nyeem los ua murals tsim los ntawm tus yees ntawm St. Sophia. Drawings depicting lub tsev neeg ntawm Grand tub huabtais Yaroslav cov Wise, scenes ntawm lub neej txhua hnub ntawm cov huab tais, zoo heev noog thiab beasts. Yuav kom peb lub sij hawm dim ob peb icons tsim nyob rau hauv lub Vladimir-Suzdal nyob rau hauv lub XII caug xyoo. Cov artifacts yuav tsis tau zoo piav dab tsi yog qhov kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia pre-Mongol lub sij hawm. Lwm cim monument ntawm medieval xeeb tub yog lub ntsiab attraction ntawm ib tug lub tsev teev ntuj, nws depicts scenes ntawm lub Xeem txiav txim.

Tus Golden muaj hnub nyoog ntawm kab lis kev cai ua ntej-Mongol Russia belongs rau lub XII xyoo pua, thaum lub feudal fragmentation ntawm lub teb chaws tus thawj zaug xwb yog qhov ua rau ntawm lub regional "cov tsev kawm ntawv" nyob rau ntau lub teb ntawm muaj tswv yim ua si. Cuam tshuam los ntawm no sib thiab kos duab. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Novgorod Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm tus Cawm Seej rau Nereditsa nws tau tsim paintings, imbued nrog tus cim ntsuj plig ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj nti thiab hnyav. Nuj nqis txaus ntshai archangels thiab cov nuj nqis ntawm cov neeg ntseeg tsis txhob saib rau lwm yam qauv ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab painting.

music

Music - qhov no yog ib yam zoo ntawm cov kos duab, kom meej meej qhia dab tsi yog qhov keeb kwm ntawm lub kab lis kev cai ntawm ancient Russia. Pre-Mongol lub sij hawm tshuav ib tug ntau ntawm cov pov thawj txog lub song nyiam cov sab hnub tuaj Slavs. Music yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nws yeej ib txwm muaj yog inseparable los ntawm lub neej raws li lub nobles thiab zoo tib yam neeg. Tsev Neeg koob tsheej, "merrymaking" yog tsis nthuav tawm uas tsis songs, seev cev thiab ua si seev. Folk tej hauj lwm yog sib txawv heev nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Nws yog tus kab tshoob prichety caij nplooj ntoos hlav kev ua si tunes, laments rau cov neeg tuag cov kwv tij.

Feem ntau cov tub ntxhais ntse ua yeeb ua kev musicians. Singers thiab tseem ceeb epic narrators tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv epic ib hom ntawv nyeem. Nyob rau hauv parallel, muaj ib tug tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no ntawm lawv taug troupes muaj buffoons uas ua nyob rau hauv lub nroog squares thiab kev noj kev haus. Culture ntawm pre-Mongol Russia yog ib tug multi-ncau, thiab suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim tsis muaj sib txawv los ntawm lwm yam uas. Muaj ntau clowns tsis tau tsuas yog hu nkauj, tab sis kuj sim nws tus kheej li acrobats, dancers, jugglers thiab lam, uas yog, ua Litsedeyami. Nws yog nthuav tias princely tub ceev xwm feem ntau nyuaj nrog rau cov amateur li zoo raws li lub ancient "devils" yog cov nkauj nyob rau hauv lub imprint ntawm cov laus pagan lig kev cai.

Lavxias teb sab pej xeem seev nrog balalaika, drums, harp, ratchet, dobro. Thiab lub tshuab raj thiab raj tau siv tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov nkauj, tab sis kuj rau lub teeb liab thaum mus tua tsiaj los sis mus ua rog. tus kheej ntsis "bands" muaj nyob rau hauv lub squads. Piv txwv li, ib pab neeg tsa cov morale ntawm lub pab tub rog thaum lub sij hawm lub siege ntawm lub nroog ntawm Volga Bulgarians nyob rau hauv 1220.

Zoo li tus so ntawm lub kab lis kev cai ntawm pre-Mongol Russia, lub suab paj nruag tau nws tus kheej me me nyob rau hauv lub Orthodox. motets twb Byzantine phau ntawv (txhais ua Slavic yam lus). Zog ntawm Guj kuj borrowed los ntawm cov Greeks liturgical ritual. Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev muaj chants hom kev kawm.

lus dab neeg

Feem ntau ntawm cov laus Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai yog lub npe hu rau nws cov dab neeg, yus muaj los ntawm ib tug zoo heev ntau haiv neeg thiab richness. Songs, epic, khawv koob, paj huam yog nws ib yam. Paganism muab ntxiv rau mythological legends uas tau dim txawm tom qab tus me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Lus dab neeg fused nrog Orthodoxy tias feem ntau cuam tshuam rau daim ntawv qhia hnub cov hnub caiv thiab superstitions.

Epic heroic epic - lub sab saum toj nyob rau hauv lub dab neeg. Lub ntsiab cim ntawm cov pieces ua tub rog. Tej heroes raws li Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich thiab Alyosha Popovich, lub npe hu mus rau txhua txhua tus me nyuam nyob rau hauv tus sau los ntawm fairy tales. Nyob rau hauv byliny nws reflected lub richness uas yog ib tug kab lis kev cai Rus Mongolian lub sij hawm. Heroes yuav yog ib tug tiag tiag keeb kwm cim thiab generalized duab. Nyob rau hauv lub legends ntawm siab tawv heroes tso tag nrho ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog nrog nws cov yam ntxwv nta (cov tawm tsam nrog cov steppe nomads, "nqa tej phuam cov neeg" thiab thiaj on. D.).

sau ntawv

lus dab neeg yog qhov fab ntxeev ntawm muaj tswv yim sau ntawv. Txawm li cas los, qhov no cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsis tshwm sim tsis muaj tus niam ntawv. Li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lem, yog leaked rau Russia ua ke nrog cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Byzantine qhia ntawv Kirill kuv Mefody tsim lub Slavic rau ib tug tshwj xeeb cov tsiaj ntawv, uas ua lub hauv paus rau ntau yam ntawm daim ntawv lus: Lavxias teb sab, Bulgarian, Serbian, Macedonian, etc.

Greek zog xibhwb Thexalaunikes muaj feem ntau cov nyob deb-ncav txim. Tsis muaj Cyrillic tsis tau tsim thiab tag nrho cov pre-Mongol kab lis kev cai ntawm ancient Russia. Qhov no cov tsiaj ntawv siv los mus ua kom tiav cov kev hloov ntawm Orthodox ntawv. Tus thawj tsev kawm ntawv, kawm nyeem ntawv, yog tsim los ntawm tub huabtais Vladimir Svyatoslavich.

Cim monuments ntawm Qub Lavxias teb sab kev sau ntawv yog cov Novgorod birchbark cov ntaub ntawv. Feem ntau ntawm lawv twb nrhiav tau los ntawm archaeologists nyob rau hauv lub XX caug xyoo. Birchbark qhia tias kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia twb tsis suav tias yog ib tug ntau ntawm kom aristocracy. Kuv yuav sau ntau zoo tib yam cov pej xeem, li muab teev medieval Novgorod artifacts.

Ancient Cyrillic sib txawv dog dig los ntawm niaj hnub no. Nws twb accented thiab ib co ntxiv cov tsiaj ntawv. Radical kho kom zoo ntawm cov laus cov tsiaj ntawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Peter kuv, thiab qhov kawg hnub rau hauv daim ntawv nws coj tom qab lub 1917 kiv puag ncig.

ntaub ntawv

Ua ke nrog ib tug sau Rus coj tshaj los ntawm lub Byzantine phau ntawv kab lis kev cai. Tus thawj ywj siab tej hauj lwm yog kev cai dab qhuas tej lus qhia los yog cov lus qhuab qhia. Raws li xws yuav suav hais tias ib tug "Qhuab qhia ua lus nyob rau hauv txoj cai lij choj thiab hlub," sau los ntawm Metropolitan Hilarion nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm XI caug xyoo.

Ntau ntau hom ntawv nyeem tau ua chronicle. Lawv yog cov tsis tsuas ib tug chronicle ntawm cov txheej xwm, tab sis kuj yog ib tug qhov chaw ntawm kev paub txog dab tsi yog qhov kab lis kev cai ntawm ancient Russia lub pre-Mongol lub sij hawm. Lub ntsiab chronicler ntawm Kyivan Rus yog suav tias yog Nestor. Thaum pib ntawm "Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" nws twb muaj li ntawm cov XII xyoo pua nws. Qhov no vault tau piav lub ntsiab txheej xwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm los ntawm cov emergence ntawm statehood kom txog rau thaum 1117. Nestor teem rau kev nom kev tswv txheej xwm: lub princely kev tsis sib haum, kev tsov kev rog thiab alliances. Chronicler kuj tseg ib tug "Reading", uas elaborated rau cov biography ntawm ob princes-martyrs Boris thiab Gleb.

Tub huabtais Vladimir Monomakh twb nco ntsoov hais tias tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug paub qab hau politician thiab ib tug txawj ntse tub rog tug thawj coj, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug zoo heev txawj sau ntawv. Kiev kav sab laug mus rau nws qub txeeg qub teg "Instruction" - ib tug nom tswv treatise nyob rau hauv uas tus sau piav dab tsi yuav tsum yog qhov zoo tshaj li lub xeev thiab lub zoo hwj chim. Cov phau ntawv Monomakh recalled lub neej yav tom ntej tus prince uas tus kheej kev txaus siab ntawm cov politicians yuav tsum tsis txhob ua mob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb hauv lub xeev, xws li tsim nyog rau lub tshwj kom nomadic Polovtsy.

"Kev qhia" twb sau thaum pib ntawm lub XII caug xyoo. Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua nws nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab yam khoom ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv - "Lub taleas ntawm Igor lub phiaj los nqis tes". Nws kuj yog lub ntsiab ntawm lub tawm tsam nrog Polovtsy. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub narrative paj huam - ib tug hai phiaj los nqis tes nyob rau hauv lub steppe ntawm tub huabtais Igorya Svyatoslavicha, uas kav nyob rau hauv Novgorod-Seversky.

Emanating los ntawm cov kev hem thawj ntawm cov nomads thaj yeeb lub neej zoo heev pab cov li cas los ua tus kab lis kev cai thiab lub neej ntawm pre-Mongol Russia. Lub "lo lus" lam sau raws li tsis muaj zoo dua pom yuav ua li cas ntsoog loj heev raids nyob pagans. Raws li Monomakh nyob rau hauv nws "Cov lus qhia", nws nyuab siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab teb chaws ua ntej cov kev txaus ntshai.

arts and crafts

Lavxias teb sab masters rau ib ntev lub sij hawm tau nto moo rau nws cov cim hniav nyiaj hniav kub siab hom kev kawm (enamel, filigree, thiab hais txog. D.). Cov khoom uas yog los mus txiav txim kom rau cov boyar thiab princely aristocracy. Neeg txawv teb chaws siab kawg rau cov Lavxias teb sab dub rau nyiaj. Qhov no sib tov twb kho nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov khoom: bracelets, crosses, rings, etc ...

Kiev masters nyiam kub thiab nyiaj nyob rau tom qab ntawm Chernevo. Vladimirskie artisans feem ntau ua ntshiab nyiaj tom qab thiab kub nuj nqis. Nyob rau hauv Galicia muaj yog ib tug tsev kawm ntawv ntiav contour mob. Nyob rau hauv cov kev piv txwv, arts and crafts ib zaug dua qha dab tsi twb muaj ntau haiv neeg kab lis kev cai thiab lub neej txhua hnub ntawm pre-Mongol Russia.

Khoom siv tes ua zos twb sib txawv heev los ntawm lub nroog ntawm crafts. Thaj chaw deb chaw, tus tswv rau ib ntev lub sij hawm siv nyob rau hauv lawv cov ornaments pagan motifs kev phem rog. Twb nrov amulets thiab charms. Feem ntau ntawm lawv twb ua los ntawm cov feem ntau mus siv cuag cov ntaub ntawv uas - ntoo. Yog hais tias tus thawj spell zoo li hais nyob rau hauv lub thov kev kawm tau ib cov tej yam yees siv lo lus uas peb, ces maj mam lawv poob no lub ntsiab lus thiab los ua tej yam yooj yim qauv. Culture ntawm Russia pre-Mongol lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv luv luv, muaj hloov zuj zuj. Nrog txhua tiam, nws maj mam hloov thiab ua nyuab dua.

Lub neej thiab lub tsev

Early Slavic huts muaj ib tug cub tawg, thiab khw muag tshuaj. Txhua xws chaw los ua tsev rau cais ib tug sib yuav ob peb. Loj heev ib nrab-dugouts nyob ze ntawm lub yav qab teb pab pawg neeg cov tsev koom nyiaj ntawm Eastern Slavs cim los ntawm As geographers. Tej tsev pib ploj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua X. Txoj kev no raug txuam nrog kev sib tawg ntawm cov yawg suab tsev neeg sib raug zoo me me thiab lub cem deb ntawm pab pawg neeg remnants.

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Kiev, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub ib nrab-dugouts twb tsim cav tsev thiab teev. Ntoo yog ib tug pheej yig khoom, yuav tau txais nws yuav luag txhua txhua lub nroog los yog nyob deb nroog nyob. Muaj pab sai sai los coob nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm hluav taws. Hluav Taws yeej ib txwm coj mus rau mob hnyav puas tsuaj, uas, nyob rau hauv lwm cov tes, muaj ib tug hnov li tsis muaj ntoo.

Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub huabtais Palace yog Gridnitsa - ib tug dav chav tsev, nyob qhov twg banquets sib sau tub cheev xwm. Kawm ib aristocratic tsev unit - qhov no yog lwm kev lom zem txoj kev to taub dab tsi yog qhov kab lis kev cai ntawm pre-Mongol Russia. Architecture yog ib qho taw qhia ntawm cov kev sib raug raws li txoj cai, txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug ntaiv lub tsev tus tswv tsev. Nws yog nthuav tias nyob rau hauv lub XII xyoo pua, thaum twg lub xeev thaum kawg tsaus muag, tus neeg pej xeem qub Gridnitsa zoo - lawv pib siv cov chaw raws li lub tsev rau txim.

khaub ncaws

Pa teb los yog smerdy, hnav ib lub tsho-belted tsho poj niam ntsaws rau hauv ris thiab siab khau looj plab hlaub. Pheej Yig lub caij ntuj no plaub siv. Nyob rau tib lub folksy xam tau tias yog dais plaub. Koj cov menyuam twb nqaim thiab tawv, buckles ua los ntawm tooj liab. Cov poj niam yuav hnav hniav nyiaj hniav kub (sab nqaij daim tawv rings, necklaces, hlaws dai).

Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lub retinue, boyars thiab tus tub huabtais khaub ncaws yog nws cloak. Yog hais tias cov tswv teb coj qhws linen tsho ntxhib, lub aristocrats - tsho ua los ntawm txhob lo lo ntxhuav. Lub None lub plab hlaub raug ua los ntawm goatskin. Ib tug yuav tsum tau cwj pwm ntawm cov huab tais muaj ib tug hau nrog plaub edging. Jewellery nobles tau ua los ntawm precious pob zeb thiab kub. Piv txwv li, None Svyatoslav hnav cov yam ntxwv pearl qhws ntsej. Lub neej thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub pre-Mongol Rus (10-13 century) ras ntau txawv teb chaws. Lub caij ntuj no cov khaub ncaws Lavxias teb sab nom tswv cajceg raug ua los ntawm sable plaub, yog tus zoo tshaj plaws khoom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov European ciaj uas muag.

khoom noj khoom haus

Txij li thaum lub hauv paus ntawm ua liaj ua teb ntawm Russia yog arable ua liaj ua teb, kev noj haus ntawm tus neeg zoo tib mas muaj cov mov ci thiab ntau yam ntawm cereals (barley, hom qoob mog, rye, thiab millet). Lawv tseem ceeb rau lub neej ntawm lub Eastern Slavs yog yuav tsum muaj. Lub khob cij yog li ntawd nyob rau dab tsi archaeologists tau pom cov me nyuam cov khoom ua si nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub khob cij. Qoob loo tsis ua hauj lwm mas suav hais tias tus loj tshaj kev puas tsuaj, qhov tsim nyog yuav tau txais ntawm uas ua ntau plague.

Nqaij khoom noj khoom haus townspeople muaj nqaij qaib thiab cov tsiaj nyeg. Lub zos tau ntev khaws cia rau hauv lub ancient kev lig kev cai yog nees nqaij. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm ib lub tsev rooj twb khoom noj siv mis, xws li cheese. Ideological tsov rog ntawm lub Koom Txoos tiv thaiv paganism cuam tshuam kev noj haus. Piv txwv li, tib cheese mas suav hais tias ceremonial pudding. Lub pov thawj yuav tau kho kev noj haus kom nws pab yaj nrog kev pab los ntawm ntau yam posts.

Ntses nyob rau hauv lub rooj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog prized sturgeon (nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub Novgorod princes twb "osetrenniki", uas tau sau los ntawm ntses Lobel se sturgeons). Qhov tseem ceeb zaub yog turnip thiab qhwv. Khoom noj khoom haus kab lis kev cai yog pre-Mongol Russia, nyob rau hauv luv luv, yog qeeb hloov tag nrho lwm yam spheres ntawm lub neej ntawm Slavic. Tsoos txuj lom yog cinnamon, vinegar, ceev, anise, mint, kua txob. Lub disadvantage ntawm no ntsev yuav tig tawm lub teb chaws puas tsuaj. Cov khoom no yog ib tug nyiam kawm ntawm speculation traders.