Alpha, gamma, beta tawg. Cov khoom ntawm alpha hais, gamma, beta

Yuav ua li cas yog lub radionuclide? Tsis txhob ntshai lo lus no: nws txhais tau tias tsuas tej isotopes. Tej zaum koj yuav hnov cov lus ntawm lo lus "radionuclides" los yog txawm tsawg txawj xaiv - "radionucleotide." Qhov tseeb lub sij hawm - yog ib tug radionuclide. Tab sis dab tsi yog qhov tej lwj? Yuav ua li cas yog lub thaj chaw ntawm ntau hom ntawm hluav taws xob thiab yuav ua li cas lawv txawv? Txhua yam - los ntawm thaum pib.

Txhais cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv radiology

Txij li thaum cov sij hawm, muaj ntau lub tswv yim ntawm kev Radiology tau hloov thaum muaj ib qho kev tawg ntawm cov thawj atomic foob pob. Es tsis txhob "atomic pawg" hais "nuclear reactor". Es tsis txhob, cov lus "tej rays" yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm "ionizing tawg". Cov kab lus "tej isotope" yog hloov los ntawm "radionuclide".

Long-lived thiab luv luv-lived radionuclides

Alpha-, beta- thiab gamma-tawg txheej txheem nrog cov hniav lwj los ntawm ib tug atomic nucleus. Yuav ua li cas yog lub sij hawm ntawm ib nrab-lub neej? radionuclides nuclei yog tsis ruaj khov - hais tias lawv yog cov sib txawv los ntawm lwm ruaj khov isotopes. Nyob rau tej taw tes, ces tus txheej txheem ntawm tej lwj. Radionuclides li hloov mus rau lwm isotopes, uas yog tawm txim liab thaum lub sij hawm alpha-, beta- thiab gamma-rays. Radionuclides muaj ntau yam kev tsis khov - ib co ntawm lawv lub caij nplooj zeeg nyob rau hauv lub pua pua lab thiab txawm billions xyoo. Piv txwv li, tag nrho cov uranium isotopes uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov xwm, yog ntev-lived. Muaj cov neeg radionuclides uas lwj hauv vib nas this, hnub, lub hlis. Lawv hu ua short-lived.

Emission ntawm alpha, beta thiab gamma hais nrog tsis muaj hniav lwj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tej lwj yog nrog los ntawm cov emission ntawm tsuas alpha los yog beta hais. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, txoj kev no yog nrog los ntawm gamma rays. Ntshiab gamma-ray emission tsis tshwm sim lawm. Qhov ntau dua cov kev ceev ntawm lwj ntawm lub radionuclide, ntau dua qhov lub theem ntawm radioactivity. Ib txhia ntseeg tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm muaj alpha, beta, gamma thiab raws lwj. Qhov no yog tsis muaj tseeb. Delta lwj tsis muaj nyob.

radioactivity ntsuas chav tsev

Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv dab tsi ntsuas cov nqi no? Radioactivity Ntsuas tso cai rau peb qhia qhov kev siv ntawm lub cev qhuav dej nyob rau hauv xov tooj. Lub tsev ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm radionuclide kev ua si - Becquerel. 1 becquerel (Bq) txhais tau tias 1 lwj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1 sec. Thaum cov kev ntsuam yog siv rau ib tug loj npaum li cas ntsuas - curies (Ci) 1 Ci = 37 billion becquerels.

Lawm, qhov yuav tsum tau kom phim lub tib loj ntawm cov khoom, piv txwv li 1 mg 1 mg uranium thiab thorium. Cov kev ua ib chav tsev loj ntawm lub radionuclide coj yog hu ua cov kev ua si. Qhov loj ib nrab-lub neej, qhov tsawg txog radioactivity.

Uas radionuclides sawv cev rau ib tug zoo txaus ntshai?

Qhov no yog ib tug ncaj provocative lo lus nug. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, luv luv-lived yog ntau txaus ntshai vim hais tias lawv muaj ntau yam kom nquag plias. Tab sis tom qab lub cev qhuav dej heev teeb meem ntawm hluav taws xob loses tseeb, thaum lub sij hawm ntev-lived yog ib tug txaus ntshai rau lub xyoo.

Cov kev ua si ntawm radionuclides yuav muab piv nrog rau cov riam phom. Yuav ua li cas riam phom yuav ntau txaus ntshai: dab tsi ua rau tsib caug rounds ib feeb, los yog hais tias hluav taws kub ib zaug nyob rau hauv ib nrab ib teev? Lo lus nug no yog tsis yooj yim sua rau teb - nws tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv dab tsi caliber riam phom dua li nws yog them, seb lub mos txwv yuav ncav cuag lub hom phiaj, dab tsi yog qhov kev puas tsuaj.

Cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov hom ntawm hluav taws xob

Alpha, gamma thiab beta tawg hom yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi rau "caliber" riam phom. Cov emissions muaj ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv ntau thiab sib txawv. Lub ntsiab point ntawm - tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yuav mus rau qhov txaus ntshai ntawm ionizing tawg. Yuav ua li cas yog lub ntsiab txhais no? Lub zog ntawm ionizing tawg muaj ib qho xwm ceev lub hwj chim. Tau Nyob rau hauv lwm atom, lawv khob electrons nrog nws orbit. Thaum lub emission ntawm hais, tus nqi nws txawv cov tub ntxhais - yog li no tsim ib tug tshiab substance.

Qhov xwm ntawm alpha rays

Ib tug ntau ntawm lawv yog hais tias cov gamma, beta thiab alpha tawg muaj ib tug zoo li xwm. Cov thawj heev alpha rays tau sab. Lawv raug tsim los ntawm cov hniav lwj ntawm hnyav hlau - uranium, thorium, saib puas muaj radon. Twb tom qab nws tuaj lub foundations ntawm alpha rays, tau clarified lawv qhov. Lawv ya rau kev kub ceev Helium nuclei. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, qhov no hnyav "poob lawm" ntawm ob protons thiab ob neutrons muaj ib tug zoo xwb. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, alpha rays yog heev luv luv deb - tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ib ob peb centimeters. Ntawv los yog, piv txwv li, lub epidermis kiag li tsis txhob no tawg.

beta tawg

Beta hais, qhib hauv qab no, yog zoo tib yam electrons, tab sis muaj kuj zoo kawg ceev. Lawv muaj ntau tshaj alpha hais, thiab muaj ib tug me me hluav taws xob xwb. Beta hais lekgo txeem ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, lawv kov yeej qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ib tug ob peb meters. Lawj lawv yuav cov nram qab no ntaub ntawv: khaub ncaws, iav, ib tug nyias hlau ntawv.

Cov khoom ntawm gamma rays

Qhov no hom ntawm hluav taws xob yog qhov xwm tib yam li tus ultraviolet hluav taws xob, infrared rays los yog xov tooj cua tsis. Gamma rays yog photon tawg. Txawm li cas los, nyob tsis tshua muaj neeg siab ceev photon. Qhov no hom ntawm hluav taws xob sai sai penetrates los ntawm cov khoom. Yuav kom ncua nws, kheev siv lead thiab qhob. Gamma rays yuav mus txhiab tus kilometers.

Lub tswvyim hais ua dabneeg hais txog cov kev piam sij

Muab piv alpha, gamma thiab beta tawg, cov neeg yuav xav tias cov gamma rays yog cov feem ntau txaus ntshai. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv yog ua nyob rau hauv nuclear explosions, kov yeej pua pua ntawm kilometers thiab ua tawg kev mob kev nkeeg. Tag nrho cov no yog muaj tseeb, tab sis yog tsis ncaj qha mus txog rau txoj kev piam sij ntawm hluav taws xob. Txij li thaum nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, hais tias nws yog lawv tob tob hwj chim. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, alpha-, beta- thiab gamma-rays yog txawv nyob rau hauv no hais txog. Txawm li cas los, txoj kev pheej hmoo yog soj ntsuam tsis tob tob thiab absorbed koob tshuaj. Qhov no Performance index yog xam nyob rau hauv joules ib kilogram (J / kg).

Yog li, lub koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob absorbed los ntawm cov measured feem. Nws numerator yog tsis tus nqi ntawm cov alpha, gamma thiab beta hais, namely lub zog. Piv txwv li, gamma tawg tej zaum yuav nyuaj los yog mos. Cov yav tas muaj ib tug tsawg dua lub zog. Ntxiv cov analogy nrog cov riam phom, peb yuav hais tias: nws tsis yog tsuas yog lub caliber ntawm lub mos txwv, thiab nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas los ntawm uas txhaj tshuaj tag - ib tug roj hmab los yog ib tug shotgun.