Konotop sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 1659: myths thiab facts

Nrog rau ntawm Bogdan Khmelnitsky tus tuag, Ukraine tau ntsib nrog ib qho ntawm lub sij hawm tshaj plaws hauv nws qhov keeb kwm, thaum ua tub rog tau ua thoob plaws hauv thaj chaw ntawd, thaum Cossack cov tub rog thiab cov nom tswv neeg tseem ceeb tau faib rau ntau pawg. Kev ntxub ntxaug los ntawm ob qho tib si vim los ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm lub hom phiaj, thiab qhov loj vim cov kev cai luv luv ntawm Cossack feem ntau, tsis muaj peev xwm xaiv ib tus thawj coj tsim nyog ntawm tus tuag ntawm Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Ib tug ntawm cov neeg uas yuav ua tus tshiab lub taub hau ntawm Ukraine yog Ivan Vygovskyy, cov tub rog txuj ci uas nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws cov tub rog tsis sib haum nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Ukraine - Konotop (Sosnovskaya) sib ntaus sib tua.

Ob tog ntawm tus Tsov rog ntawm Konotop

Lub Konotop sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 1659 tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov, nyob rau hauv lub steppes nruab nrab ntawm lub zos ntawm Shapovalovka thiab Sosnovka. Lub sab yog: 100,000 txhiab tus tub rog uas tau coj los ntawm Prince Trubetskoi, ua tus txhawb nqa tub huabtais Romodovsky tus tub rog, ntawm ib tes, thiab Ukrainian Cossack cov tub rog coj los ntawm Hetman Ivan Vygovsky. Raws li ib tug ntawm cov sib ntaus sib tua, tag nrho cov nyiaj ntawm ob lub tub rog tau nyiaj txog 45,000 tua: 30,000 los ntawm Trubetskoi, thiab 15,000 los ntawm Vygovsky.

Xav txog kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv keeb kwm

Konotop sib ntaus sib tua los ntawm ob lub qhov muag ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse ntawm Lavxias teb sab hnub tuaj yog qhov kev puas tsuaj loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Moscow. Cov lus qhia txog kev sib ntaus sib tua no me me, raws li nws tau kawm nyob rau theem qis. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov keeb kwm phau ntawv thiab cov phau ntawv qhia no tsov rog tsis hais txhua. Yog li, muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua Konotop yog li cas thiab nws xaus li cas. Myths thiab cov ntsiab lus sib phim nrog txhua lwm yam, thiab nws yuav luag tsis paub qhov tseeb txog qhov no los yog lub sijhawm lossis kev tshwm sim me me. Nyob rau hauv Soviet Union, muaj kev txwv rau pej xeem kev sib tham ntawm lub division ntawm cov neeg Ukrainian ntawm lub xyoo pua seventeenth rau hauv pro-Moscow thiab anti-Moscow currents.

Kev xaiv tsa ntawm Vygovsky Hetman

Ivan Vygovsky teb tuaj mus rau lub hwj chim hauv Ukraine nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-Lub yim hli ntuj 1657. Lub npe ntawm hetman, tus kws nplua yawg Ivan Vygovsky, tau txais ntawm cov txwj laus 'council nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Chigirin. Lwm tus neeg sib tw yog Yuri Khmelnitsky, uas yog tus tus tub ntawm Bogdana Hmelnitskogo. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau kinship nrog lub hetman zoo, Yuri tsis muaj lwm qualities supernatural rau kev kav lub teb chaws. Tsis yog los ntawm nws tus neeg sib tw hais lus thiab tus hluas hnub nyoog ntawm Khmelnitsky, tus yau.

Geopolitical views ntawm Vyhovsky

Thaum xub thawj tus hetman tsis tau ntaus nqi los ntawm cov cossacks dog dig. Ib qho ntawm cov yog vim li cas lub hauv paus ntawm Vygovsky thiab nws yav dhau los. Ivan yog ib haiv neeg ntawm Volyn noble tsev neeg. Pib, nws yog tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm tus Polish commissar, uas tau tawm tsam Cossacks nyob rau hauv Ukraine. Lub Vygovsky tsev neeg kuj muaj keeb kwm ntawm Polish nobles. Tsis tas li ntawd, Cossacks uas tau tiv thaiv rau ib lub xeev Ywj Pheej uas ywj pheej yog teebmeem los ntawm qhov kev ntshaw ntawm tus tshiab Hetman los tawm Tsawg Zog Tsov Rog rau lub koomhaum ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Raws li ib qho ntawm unverified versions, Vygovsky tshaj tawm nws txiav txim siab thaum lub sij hawm pam tuag ntawm Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tso tseg me me Russia ntawm Moscow thiab lub annexation ntawm Ukrainian thaj av rau Poland, nws qhia nrog Ambassador ntawm lub Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Kazimir Benevsky. Qhov tseeb tau los paub txog Moscow Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Txawm li cas los, tus huab tais ntawm lub authenticity ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm no sib tham muab nyob rau hauv tsis ntseeg thiab ignored. On qhov tsis tooj, nws tau xa lus mus rau Martina Pushkara, tus Poltava cov tub rog, thiab tseem rau Yakov Barabash, cov neeg pov thawj ntawm cov tub rog Cossack. Nyob rau hauv lub xa Alexey Mikhailovich kom tag nrho cov lus txib ntawm tus tshiab hetman thiab tsis txhob riots.

Pereyaslav Rada thiab Vyhovsky tus tub rog

Vyhovsky kuj tsis qhia nws cov kev xav nrog rau cov lus Polish. On qhov tsis tooj, nyob rau hauv lub tshiab Pereiaslav Rada, uas tuaj txog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm Lavxias teb sab Ambassador Bogdan Khitrova, Hetman Vygovskyy swore siab rau lub Muscovite lub xeev thiab tus huab tais. Nws ntseeg tias qhov kev sib thooj hauv diplomatic, nws txhob txwm xav tias tus vaj ntxwv. Nrog weakening ntawm Moscow tus tswj, Ivan tsim ib diplomatic zoo nrog cov Crimea thiab enlisted lub loyalty ntawm cov tub rog Khan. Nws kuj tau pib pab tub rog. Ib feem ntawm Cossack Treasure, sab laug raws li ib tug txojsia los ntawm Bogdan Khmelnitsky, nws siv rau cov creation ntawm ib pab tub rog mercenary. Kwv yees li ib vam caum nyiaj siv rau kev nrhiav tub rog ntawm German thiab Polish keeb kwm.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Internal protests nyob rau hauv Ukraine pib loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm Vygovsky tus hetmanate, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev tsov kev rog, txog 50,000 civilians raug tua. Lub sib ntaus sib tua coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub zos xws li Gadyach, Lubny, Mirgorod thiab lwm yam settlements tshuav-bank Ukraine.

Tus Tsar, nws tau paub nws tus kheej nrog rau tej kev kawm ntawm affairs, xa Grigory Romadovsky, voevod, coj los ntawm ib tug loj heev Lavxias teb sab tub rog, mus rau Ukraine. Lub Moscow muaj nyob rau hauv Kiev reinforced, raws li kws los ntawm Pereyaslav Agreements. Vasily Shemetev lub cais yog quartered nyob rau hauv Kiev.

Hadyatsky treaty nrog Poland thiab pib ntawm thawj clashes

Ib qho kev sib cav sib ceg tawm tsam Moscow pib thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1858, thaum Lub Tuam Tsev Sib Cog Nrog Tub Rog tau xaus hauv lub nroog Galadak (hu ua Gadiach Peace Treaty). Daim ntawv cog lus txhais tau hais tias kev hloov ntawm Little Russia mus rau lub hwj chim ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, thiab Vygovsky pib npaj rau ib tug ua tsov ua rog tawm tsam Russia. Lub qee ntawm Vyhovsky yog qhia los ntawm cov Chronicler Samoilo Velichko. Nws ncaj qha hu tus hetman lub culprit ntawm rhuv thiab ib tug ntev tsov rog nyob rau hauv Ukraine.

Ua ntej, nws twb txiav txim siab los ua yog tus "liberation" ntawm Kiev los ntawm lub garrison Sheremet. Txawm li cas los, tus tij laug ntawm Vygovsky, xa mus ua kom tiav cov hauj lwm no, Danil tsis ua hauj lwm. Ivan Vygovsky, uas tuaj pab nws tus kheej, raug ntes. Nyob rau hauv siab, nyob rau hauv captivity, nws dua nplij siab txhua tus ntawm loyalty mus rau Moscow, cog lus kom dissolve cov tub rog ntawm mercenaries thiab Tatars. Ntseeg tsab ntawv no, tus huabtais tau zam Vygovsky thiab tso tawm.
Heev sai sai Ivan tua ib tug offensive tawm tsam cov tub rog ntawm Romodanovsky. Raws li kev kawm ntawm cov kev npaj, nws tau txiav txim siab xa mus rau cov kev pab ntawm Romodanovsky tsib caug txhiab reinforcements, coj los ntawm Prince Trubetskoi. Cov tub rog ntawm Trubetskoy tuaj tawm nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm Konotop fortress, capturing Silver lawv raws txoj kev.

Siege ntawm Konotop

Trubetskoi koom nrog lub regiments ntawm Romodanovsky thiab Bespalogo nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1659. Nyob rau hauv Mid-Plaub Hlis, cov tub rog Moskom tuaj txog Konotop, thiab lub Plaub Hlis 21, nws qhov kev ua si thiab kev ua si pib. Txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Konotop ntawm 1659 tau piav qhia txog cov neeg sib tw ua kev sib ntaus sib tua. Ntxiv mus, cov tub rog uas tiv thaiv rau ob sab muaj xws li ntawm Ukrainians thiab Russians, nyob rau hauv roughly vaj huam sib luag.
Daim qauv qhia txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Konotop muab lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Konotop nws tus kheej thaum ntawd yog lub fortress nrog plaub nkag rooj vag. Nws nyob ib puag ncig ntawm ob sab. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob ze lwm lub zog, ncig ntawm peb sab ntawm ib lub nkoj thiab ib lub tsho, thiab nrog plaub dej tiv thaiv los ntawm tus dej Konotop. Lub garrison ntawm lub fortress consisted ntawm plaub txhiab Cossacks ntawm ob peb regiments.

Tsov rog ntawm Konotop

Lub Rau Hli 27, 1659, nyob ze ntawm lub zos Shapovalovka, thawj clashes pib ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Vyhovsky thiab Moscow pab tub rog. Nyob rau hauv cov clashes, Moscow rog tau raug kev puas tsuaj loj heev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus qhia no yog qhov fab ntxeev, thiab lees paub los ntawm lwm cov neeg sib thaam. Nws ntseeg tias tom qab tsov rog, cov tub rog Mosxis tau khiav tawm tom qab Vygovsky cov tub rog caij nees thiab thaum Lub Rau Hli 29 sawv ntxov, nyob ze lub zos Sosnovka thiab Shepetivka, tau sib ntaus sib tua keeb kwm, zoo li Tsov rog ntawm Konotop nyob rau hauv 1659.

Cov tub rog nyob rau hauv Pozharsky tau raug dai ntawm ob lub hav dej. Cheeb tsam no yog cov ua los ntawm ntau tus marshes. Yog li ntawd, lub patrolling ntawm pab tub rog yog nyuaj. Kawg rau Pozharsky yog tus nres ntawm lub pab tub rog ntawm lub Crimean Khan los ntawm lub tsheb. Vim tias qhov kev tawm tsam, raws li ntau qhov kev kwv yees, cov tub rog caij nees ntawm Russians poob ntawm tsib mus rau peb caug txhiab tus neeg raug tua. Pozharsky tus kheej-cog qoob loo ntaus ib tug siab phem nrog nws. Qhov pib ntawm qhov kev tiv thaiv tsis npaj. Pozharsky tsis tau thab thwm rau kev tshawb nrhiav. Raws li ib tug ntawm tsis paub kev coj noj coj ua, nws raug ntes los ntawm khan thiab raug tua.

Tawm ntawm cov tub rog Moscow

Cov tub rog Moscow coj los ntawm Trubetskoi tau tsim cov koom ua ke mus rau Putivl. Txoj kev poob ntawm Konotop yog npaj txhij txog Moscow. Nws tau xav tias cov tub rog ntawm lub Crimean Khan tom qab xws li ib tug yeej yuav mus rau nws. Txawm li cas los, lub Tatars quarreled nrog Vygovsky thiab pib mus plunder lub zos ntawm Little Russia. Yog li tsom cov Konotop sib ntaus sib tua. Leej twg yeej qhov kev tawm tsam no? Lub yeej yeej yeej los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Hetman Vyhovsky, txawm li cas los, lub txim ntawm no yeej coj mus rau plunder ntawm lub teb chaws los ntawm cov Tatars.

Nws ntseeg hais tias tom qab xws li ib tug yeej, Alexei Mikhailovich yuav tsis mus ib pawg muaj zog, tab sis nws ua tsis tau li ntawd. Lub Xya hli ntuj 28, 1659 hauv Crimean Khan tau raug ntiab tawm ntawm Ukraine los ntawm kev dag zog ntawm Don Cossacks Yakovlev, cov tub rog ntawm Ataman Sirk thiab qub associates ntawm Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias lub txim ntawm "kev tswj" ntawm Crimean khan significantly tsis muaj zog Ukraine. Qhov no yog qhov txhaum ntawm Hetman Vyhovsky.

Lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Konotop. Keeb kwm ntawm Cossacks thiab tom ntej hetman

Twb tau nyob rau nruab nrab-Lub kaum hli ntuj, es tsis txhob ntawm tus tshiab Ivan tau raug xaiv los Hetman Yurii Khmelnytsky, uas tau coj Alekseem Trubetskim. Vygovsky tsib xyoos tom qab qhov kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua raug liam los ntawm tus Kav ntawm treason thiab kev tua.