Kev discoveries thiab inventions nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog. Science nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog

Century, yog hu ua qhov phem, nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm txhua lub teb chaws coj txawv sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv kev, raws li ib tug txoj cai, nyob rau hauv no txoj kev no yog hu ua ib tug kis V mus rau lub XV xyoo pua, suav nws los ntawm 476, thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Western Roman faj tim teb chaws.

Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm antiquity tuag nyob rau hauv lub onslaught ntawm lub barbarians. Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov yog vim li cas vim li cas cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, li ntawd, feem ntau xa mus rau raws li tsaus ntuj nti los yog tu siab heev. Ua ke nrog cov damping ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws zoo thiab lub teeb ntawm yog vim li cas thiab cov kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov kos duab. Txawm li cas los, kev discoveries thiab inventions nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog - ib qho zoo heev cov ntawv pov thawj hais tias txawm nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau nyuaj lub sij hawm tib neeg tswj kom khaws muaj nuj nqis paub thiab, Ntxiv, tsim lawv. Nyob rau hauv ib feem no yog vim cov ntseeg Vajtswv, tab sis ib tug loj kev faib ua feem ntawm lub ancient uas fwm ua tsaug rau As zaum.

Lower faj tim teb chaws

Science nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, feem ntau tsim nyob rau hauv monasteries. Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub nroog Loos, lub repository ntawm ancient txhab los ua Byzantium, qhov twg los lub sij hawm cov ntseeg tau ua si ib qho tseem ceeb, xws li nom tswv lub luag hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Constantinople monasteries fwm tej hauj lwm ntawm koj thinkers ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Rome. Hais plaub ntug ntawm lub IX xyoo pua, Npis Sov Leo lej mob siab ib tug ntau ntawm lub sij hawm. Nws yog cov thawj zaum uas tau mus siv cov tsiaj ntawv raws li zauv cim, uas ua tau muab txoj cai hu mus rau nws ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm algebra.

Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm cov xib hwb monasteries tsim cov ntawv luam ntawm ancient tej hauj lwm, cov lus. Lej, uas tsim nyob rau hauv lawv arches, tsim lub hauv paus ntawm architecture thiab tau ua tau qhov kev siv ntawm xws li ib tug qauv ntawm Byzantine kos duab, raws li lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Hagia Sophia.

Muaj yog vim li cas mus ntseeg tau hais tias cov Byzantines tsim ib daim ntawv qhia, taug kev mus rau Tuam Tshoj thiab Is Nrias teb, nws yog tus paub txog geography thiab kev kawm txog tsiaj txhu. Niaj hnub no, txawm li cas los, feem ntau ntawm cov lus qhia txog lub xeev, uas tseem muaj kev kawm nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog rau lub teb chaws ntawm lub Eastern Roman faj tim teb chaws, yog tsis paub rau peb. Nws yog faus nyob rau hauv lub ruins ntawm lub zos, lossi raug yeeb ncuab tawm tsam thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub Byzantine Empire.

Science nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws As-lam kuj

Muaj ntau ancient paub tau tsim sab nraum teb chaws Europe. Arab Caliphate, uas tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ancient kab lis kev cai, ua tau rua cov kev txawj ntse tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm cov barbarians, tab sis kuj los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, uas, tab sis yog dej siab rau lub preservation ntawm lub txhab nyob rau hauv lub monasteries, tab sis zoo siab txais tos, tsis yog txhua txhua scientific tej hauj lwm, nrhiav kev los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej tiv thaiv cov allergic ntawm heresy. Tom qab ib co sij hawm lub ancient paub, supplemented thiab kho, rov qab mus rau teb chaws Europe.

Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub as Caliphate nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog tsim ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm sciences: geography, philosophy, astronomy, lej, optics, science.

Numbers thiab taw ntawm lub ntiaj teb

Astronomy yog lom zem ntau raws li cov "Almagest" Ptolemy tus naas ej treatise. Kuv xav li cas lub npe ntawm tus paub txog kev ua hauj lwm tau txais tom qab tau txhais ua Arabic thiab ces dua rov qab mus rau teb chaws Europe. Arab astronomers tsis tau tsuas fwm tus Greek paub, tab sis kuj yuav ua rau kom lawv. Yog li, lawv lam xav hais tias lub ntiaj teb yog ib tug kheej, thiab muaj peev xwm nyob rau ntsuas lub arc ntawm lub caij nyoog nruab nrab, los mus laij lub luaj li cas ntawm cov ntiaj chaw. Arab kws tshawb fawb muab lub npe ib tug ntau ntawm cov hnub qub, yog li expanding cov lus piav qhia nyob rau hauv "Almagest". Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ob peb loj lub zos lawv ua lub observatory.

Medieval koom pheej discoveries thiab inventions nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev ua lej kuj heev uas nws kim heev. Tias nyob rau hauv Islamic lub teb chaws originates algebra thiab trigonometry. Txawm lo lus "daim duab" yog ib yam uas Arabic keeb kwm ( "Cipher" txhais tau tias "zero").

luam kev sib raug zoo

Ntau yam kev discoveries thiab inventions nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov koom pheej tau borrowed los ntawm cov neeg uas lawv lossi hloov pauv. Los ntawm Islamic lub teb chaws rau teb chaws Europe los ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab Tuam Tshoj yog cov compass, gunpowder, daim ntawv. Arabs, tshaj tej ntawm, yog ib tug qhia txog ntawm lub xeev los ntawm kev uas lawv yuav tsum tau mus, thiab kuj tau ntsib cov neeg, nrog rau cov Slavs.

Arab lub teb chaws muaj los ua ib tug qhov chaw ntawm kev cai hloov. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias no yog invented cov diav rawg. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Islamic lub xeev nws xub tuaj rau Byzantium, thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv Western teb chaws Europe.

Theological thiab secular science

Kev discoveries thiab inventions nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog rau lub teb chaws ntawm Christian Europe nyob mas nyob rau hauv monasteries. Yuav kom VIII xyoo pua, paub txog qhov tseeb, uas them xim rau, kev txhawj xeeb tus dawb huv phau ntawv thiab tej kev tseeb. Secular science pib yuav tsum tau qhia nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau lub tsev teev ntuj xwb thaum lub sij hawm lub reign Karla Velikogo. Qauv sau ntawv thiab rhetoric, astronomy, logic, xam thiab geometry, raws li tau zoo raws li lub suab paj nruag (lub thiaj-hu ua xya mas kev kawm) twb chiv muaj los paub, tab sis maj mam pib kis kawm ntawv nyob rau txhua theem ntawm lub neej. By pib ntawm XI xyoo pua convent lub tsev kawm ntawv pib yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau hauv tebchaws. Secular cov tsev kawm ntawv twb maj nyob rau hauv Fabkis, England, Czech koom pheej, Spain, Portugal, Poland.

Tshwj xeeb tshab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science muaj mathematician Fibonacci, naturalist Witelo monk Rodzher Bekon. Cov yav tas, nyob rau hauv particular assumed tias tus tshaj tawm ntawm lub teeb yog finite thiab adhered hypothesis, nws yog ze rau qhov yoj propagation kev tshawb xav.

Lub inexorable zog ntawm kev kawm

Kev discoveries thiab inventions nyob rau hauv lub XI-XV centuries muab lub ntiaj teb no ib tug ntau, tsis muaj uas nws yuav tsis yooj yim sua kom ua tau cov theem ntawm kev kawm, uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tib neeg niaj hnub no. Nws yuav ntau sophisticated mechanisms ntawm dej thiab windmills. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub tswb, kev ntsuas lub sij hawm, tuaj tus neeg kho tshuab moos. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XII explorers pib siv cov compass rau orientation. Gunpowder yees nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv lub VI xyoo pua thiab coj los ntawm cov koom pheej, pib mus ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv European tub rog campaigns xwb nyob rau hauv lub XIV xyoo pua, thaum twg invented thiab rab phom.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XII, Europeans kuj tau ntsib nrog rau daim ntawv. Qhib hais plaub ntug, nws yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam haum cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv parallel, tsim woodcut (ntoo engraving), uas tau maj tau supplanted los ntawm lub printing xovxwm. Nws tsos nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe hnub rov qab mus rau lub XV caug xyoo.

Inventions thiab scientific discoveries ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, raws li zoo raws li tag nrho tom ntej lom zem ntau raws li nyob rau hauv lub achievements ntawm medieval scholars. Alchemical quest, koj sim mus nrhiav lub ntug ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, muaj lub siab xav khaws cia cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm antiquity ua tau rau qhov kev kawm ntawm cov tib neeg nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance thiab niaj hnub lub sij hawm. Kev discoveries thiab inventions nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog pab mus rau tsim ntawm peb paub lub ntiaj teb no. Uas yog vim li cas, tej zaum, yuav tsis ncaj ncees rau qhov no hu ua lub sij hawm ntawm keeb kwm hopelessly bleak, nws nco ntsoov xwb lub Inquisition thiab kev cai dab qhuas dogma ntawm lub sij hawm.