Arab caliphate

Arab Caliphate yog Yehauvas Muslim lub xeev, uas sawv raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub conquests ntawm cov Muslims coj los ntawm tus Caliph nyob rau hauv lub VII-IX centuries. Qhov no thawj nucleus yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus Yaj Saub Muhammad zej zog nyob rau hauv thaj Arabia nyob rau hauv lub Hijaz nyob rau hauv lub VII caug xyoo. Cov tshwm sim ntawm ntau Muslim conquests yog tus creation ntawm ib tug loj heev lub xeev, uas muaj lub Arabian ceg av qab teb, Iran thiab Iraq. Nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv yog ib tug loj ib feem ntawm lub Caucasus thiab Central Asia. Nws muaj kuj cov av ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, North Africa, Syria thiab Palestine, npog ib tug loj ib feem ntawm lub Iberian ceg av qab teb thiab ib tug ntawm cov plaub moo ntawm Pakistan - Sindh av. Yog li ntawd nws kim heev yog lub xeev ntawm lub as Caliphate. Lub keeb kwm ntawm nws cov creation yog txuas ncaj qha mus rau tus ntawm cov caliphs (successors los yog deputies).

Thaum lub sij hawm lub as Caliphate tuaj blossoming ntawm Islamic culture thiab science, nws yog tus Golden muaj hnub nyoog ntawm Islam. Nws twb nrhiav tau 632 xyoo. Xav txog thawj ntu 4 khalifs uas "txoj cai los ntawm". Arab Caliphate muaj raws li nram no rulers: Abu Bakr (nws reign ntawd kub ntev li ntawm 632 634), Umar (634-644 g), Uthman, uas kav tom ntej no 12 xyoo (los ntawm 656), Ali (656 ntawm 661) thiab txuas ntxiv dominance ntawm lub Umayyad dynasty, uas muaj 661 rau 750 xyoo.

Qhov no faj tim teb chaws, tsim tsawg tshaj li 100 xyoo, raws li nws loj dhau tshaj ntawm lub Roman. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Muhammad yog cov preconditions rau nws disintegration thiab cev qhuav dej ntawm txoj kev vam meej ntawm Islam, uas twb tau ua tsaug rau nws. Tom qab nws tuag, zoo tag nrho ntawm Arabia tau tsiv tawm ntawm txoj kev ntseeg no, tsuas yog yog cov Mecca, Medina thiab Taif.

Tus Yaj Saub tsis tau tawm hauv qab ib tug txais thiab successor ntawm cov lus tsis txaus thiaj tawg ntawm Medintsev thiab cov Meccans. Caliph tom qab kev sib tham raug thawb Abu Bakr, uas muaj peev xwm rov qab mus rau lub as Caliphate thiab Islam thiab severed Arabia. Tom qab cov hluav ntawm lub uprising ntawm lub koom pheej, Muhammad Bakr txuas ntxiv txoj cai thiab coj tus tsov rog tawm tsam Iran thiab cov Byzantine kawm. Qhov kawg ntawm nws lub neej, nws tau txib kom Arabia, Npanpiloo, Syria, Mesopotamia, thaj Iran, Barco, Tim lyiv teb chaws thiab Tripoli.

Usman yeej Cyprus, sab hnub tuaj Iran, lub Carthage cheeb tsam, expanding cov Arab Caliphate. Vim hais tias ntawm kev tsov kev strife ntawm lub koom pheej, muaj arisen nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov tua neeg ntawm Uthman, tau tshem tawm, co ciam teb chaw.

Ali raug tua thaum lub sij hawm ib tug "palace coup", thiab lub Umayyads tuaj rau lub hwj chim. Thaum lawv nyob rau hauv lub xeev, uas muaj ib tug raug xaiv tsoom fwv, entrenched raws roj ntsha monarchy.

Lub conquest ntawm cov thawj caliphs tau zoo vim hais ntawm cov tsis muaj zog ntawm tw, vim tsis muaj ib tug pom zoo rau cov koom pheej. Cov neeg nyob hauv zos vim hais tias ntawm kev sib ntxub ntawm cov Greeks feem ntau nws tus kheej hu ua thiab pab cov koom pheej. Lub Greeks yeej tsis tso cai rau lawv yuav tsum yeej xwb Asia muaj hnub nyoog thiab Constantinople los ntawm cov koom pheej underwent lesion.

Nyob rau hauv lub kov yeej pawg neeg thaj av, uas kis tau tus Arab Caliphate, zaj dab neeg qhia txog cov style ntawm tsoom fwv thaum Umar raws li lub Koom Txoos nyaum. Thaum Uthman twb tso cai rau As tus kheej kov yeej pawg neeg thaj av uas tau attracted rau lub tswv tsev 'kev ua si. Kev cai dab qhuas cim hloov nrog lub advent ntawm cov Umayyads. Ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj thiab kev cai dab qhuas zej zog, coj los ntawm sab ntsuj plig thawj coj, tau raug hloov mus rau hauv ib tug secular thiab kev nom kev tswv lub hwj chim.

Tom ntej no Abbasid dynasty yog lom despotic, ntshav thiab nrog los ntawm ib tug los ua tiag tiag phem. Cov neeg ua tim khawv pom tus siab phem thiab perfidy manifested nws tus kheej surreptitiously, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm reprisals tiv thaiv unruly cov pej xeem. Qhov no dynasty twb yus muaj los ntawm kev chim, thaum nws qhia ib system ntawm kev tsim txom. Dua li no, qhov kev txiav txim voj voog raug xam tias yog ci ntsa iab politicians nyob rau hauv uas nyiaj txiag twb ci ntsa iab.

Culture ntawm lub as caliphate thiab nws txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no zoo heev xav kom, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science thiab tshuaj. Qhov no yog pab los ntawm ib tug txawj ntse tsev neeg ntawm viziers uas kav mus txog rau thaum 803, thiab cov uas overthrew Harun. Cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg rau 50 xyoo kom muaj ib tug nqi koj tshuav ntawm lub koom pheej thiab cov Pawxia, tau tsim kev nom kev tswv zog thiab rov qab los rau hauv lub Sasanian lub neej.

Thaum lub Abbasids Caliphate Arabic kab lis kev cai yog tsim ua tsaug rau lub tiaj kev sib raug zoo nrog nws cov neeg nyob ze, barter. Ua khoom kim heev cov khoom, txhob lo lo ntxhuav ntaub, riam phom, hniav nyiaj hniav kub khoom, embroideries rau tawv thiab canvas, ntaub pua plag, carvings rau cov pob txha. Nws tau kis nyob rau hauv cov xyoo lub mosaic, embossing, engraving, iav thiab iav khoom. Persia los ntawm Arabic paj huam, lub rov tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev historiography thiab scientific Arabic Philology. Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, nws yog tsim los Arabic qauv sau ntawv, muaj ib lub sib sau ua ke ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.