Tsim, Zaj dabneeg
Iyiv Hieroglyphs. Iyiv Hieroglyphs thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus. Ancient Iyiv Hieroglyphs
Iyiv Hieroglyphs, dluab ntawm cov uas yuav muab rau hauv qab no, yog ib tug ntawm cov sau ntawv siv los ntawm yuav luag 3.5 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Nyob rau hauv Tim lyiv teb chaws nws tau siv tau nyob rau lub lem ntawm lub 4 thiab 3 centuries BC. e. Qhov no system combines cov ntsiab ntawm cov phonetic, syllabic thiab ideographic yeej. Ancient Iyiv Hieroglyphs twb picturesque dluab, complemented los ntawm phonetic cim. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lawv yuav txiav nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau papyrus, thiab nyob rau ntoo Sarcophagi kuj nrhiav Iyiv Hieroglyphs. Duab uas tau siv mus kos tus cim, twb zoo ib yam li cov khoom uas lawv xaiv. Qhov no zoo heev tswj qhov kev nkag siab ntawm daim ntawv sau cov ntaub ntawv uas. Ntxiv nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav qhia rau koj hais txog dab tsi meant no los yog tias ua cim.
Tus paub tsis meej ntawm cov tsos ntawm cov cim
Lub keeb kwm ntawm tshwm sim ntawm lub system mus sib sib zog nqus rau hauv lub dhau los lawm. Nyob ib tug ntev heev lub sij hawm, ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau ancient monuments ntawm kev sau ntawv tim lyiv teb chaws yog lub Narmer Palette. Nws twb ntseeg tau tias nws earliest tej yam tshwm sim tau xwm. Txawm li cas los, German archaeologists nyob rau hauv 1998 sab thaum lub sij hawm lub excavation ntawm peb puas av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj. Lawv xwm protoieroglify. Tej yam tshwm sim hnub tim 33 th xyoo pua BC. e. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov heev thawj kab lus inscribed nyob rau tsiaj hiav txwv ntawm lub Ob txhais Dynasty Tombs nyob rau ntawm lub Abydos vaj ntxwv Seth-Seth-Peribsen. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias chiv raws li cov cim siv cov dluab ntawm cov khoom thiab nyob beings. Tab sis qhov no system yog heev nyuab vim hais tias nws yuav tsum tau tej yam tswv yim zoo txawj. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, tom qab ib tug thaum lub dluab tau yooj yim zog rau qhov tsim nyog circuits. Yog li muaj ib tug hieratic sau ntawv. Qhov no system yog siv mas cov pov thawj. Lawv ua lub inscriptions rau tombs thiab lub tuam tsev. Demotic (teb chaws) system, uas nyob tom qab, yog yooj yim. Nws muaj lub voj voog, arcs, dashes. Txawm li cas los, kom paub txog cov thawj cov cim nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv no lawm problematic.
kev txhim kho tej yam tshwm sim
Chiv, Iyiv Hieroglyphs twb pictorial. Hais tias yog, lo lus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nrig txog kev pom cov dluab. Nws twb ntxiv tsim lub ntsiab lus (ideographic) tsab ntawv. Nrog kev pab los ntawm ideograms yuav sau ib co paub daws teeb lub tswv yim. Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, yuav txhais li cas rau hauv toj siab duab raws li ib feem ntawm lub nyem, thiab lub roob, ib tug txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws. daim duab ntawm lub hnub txhais tau hais tias "hnub" vim hais tias nws ci xwb thaum lub sij hawm ib hnub. Tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm cov neeg Iyiv sau ntawv system ideograms ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Me ntsis tom qab, pib tshwm thiab suab tias. Nyob rau hauv no system, dua tau them tsis tau tsuas yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus raws li nws lub suab txhais lus. Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam cim nyob rau hauv Iyi thiab? Nyob rau hauv lub khoom Tshiab, qhov nruab nrab thiab cov laus Kingdom tej yam tshwm sim yog hais txog 800. Muaj cov ncauj Nyob rau hauv lub Greco-Roman lub sij hawm muaj ntau tshaj li 6,000.
kev faib
systematizing qhov teeb meem tseem unsolved rau hnub no. Uollis Badzh (English philologist thiab Egyptologist) yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj kws tshawb fawb, uas cataloged lub Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Nws faib tau raws li nyob rau hauv lwm yam tshwm sim ntawm tej yam tshwm sim. Tom qab nws, nyob rau hauv 1927, ib daim ntawv tshiab tau tso ua ke Gardiner. Nws "cov Iyiv qauv sau ntawv" muaj ib tug kev faib ntawm tej yam tshwm sim dua raug. Tab sis nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv teev tej yam tshwm sim uas lawv tau raug muab faib ua tej pawg neeg uas yog cim nrog lub Latin cov tsiaj ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub pawg ntawm cov cim ntawm ib theem zuj zus tus xov tooj tau ntawv. Thaum lub sij hawm, muaj Gardiner kev faib mas suav hais tias heev. Lub database yog enriched los ntawm qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov cim tshiab nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam pab pawg neeg ntawm lawv. Muaj ntau qhib tom qab tej yam tshwm sim muab literal qhov tseem ceeb ntxiv tom qab lub xov tooj.
Tus tshiab codification
Nrog rau lub expansion ntawm daim ntawv teev, kos mus txog rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub kev faib ntawm Gardiner, ib co kev soj ntsuam pib xav txog kev ua tsis yog muab faib rau cov cim nyob rau hauv pab pawg. Nyob rau hauv 80 xyoo, nws tau tso ib tug plaub-volume catalog ntawm cov cim, sib cais nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus. Qhov no qualifier tom qab lub sij hawm no kuj pib mus rau rethink. Cov no ib tug qauv sau ntawv muaj li ntawm Kurt nyob rau hauv 2007-2008. Nws tom cov pob plaub Gardiner thiab tau qhia ib tug tshiab kev faib mus rau hauv pab pawg. Qhov no ua hauj lwm, ntawm chav kawm, ib tug heev tuav thiab pab tau nyob rau hauv neeg txhais lus xyaum. Tab sis ib co kev soj ntsuam muaj xav phem cais tsis hais txog seb tus tshiab codification accustomed nyob rau hauv Egyptology, txij li thaum nws muaj nws tus kheej shortcomings thiab flaws.
Niaj hnub nimno mus kom ze rau encoding cim
Niaj hnub no nqa tawm tus neeg txhais lus ntawm Iyiv hieroglyphics? Nyob rau hauv 1991, thaum computer technology tau zoo tsim, nws tau raug npaj rau encode cim sib txawv ntawm cov lus Unicode Standard. Qhov tseeb version muaj loj Iyiv Hieroglyphs. Cov cim nyob rau hauv txoj kev khwv: U + 13000 - U + 1342F. Niaj hnub no tseem los mam muaj ntau yam tshiab catalogs nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob daim ntawv. Deciphering Iyiv hieroglyphics rau lub Lavxias teb sab lus yog nqa tawm siv ib graphical editor Hieroglyphica. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ntawd tseem yuav tshwm sim rau hauv lub tshiab txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog ib tug txaus loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov cim lawv tseem tsis tau qoos txwv kom muab zais. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, los ntawm lub sij hawm rau lub sij hawm, soj ntsuam nrhiav tus tshiab Iyiv hieroglyphics thiab phonetic nqi ntawm ib tug tshiab los ntawm uas twb muaj lawm sawv daws yuav.
Duab taw qhia tej yam tshwm sim
Feem ntau cov feem ntau, cov Iyi thiaj sau kab rov tav kab, feem ntau yog los ntawm txoj kev mus rau sab laug. Nws yog tsis tshua muaj tau raws li ib tug kab los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, lub cim yog ntsug. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lawv yeej ib txwm nyeem los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau nram qab. Cuaj kaum, txawm lub preferential kev taw qhia los ntawm txoj kev mus rau sab laug nyob rau hauv lub ntawmv ntawm cov Iyi, rau tswv yim vim li cas, nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv mus rau lub cim ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis. Cov cim qhia tias xwm noog, tsiaj txhu, tib neeg tau yeej ib txwm tau muab rau hauv thaum pib ntawm txoj kab lub ntsej muag. Lub sab sauv kos npe rau muaj superiority tshaj hauv qab. Lub Egyptians tsis siv separators kab lus los yog lus, piv txwv li muaj tsis muaj cov cim. Calligraphic tej yam tshwm sim thaum sim mus faib lub tsab ntawv tsis ncua thiab symmetrically, txoj kev voos los yog squares.
tracing system
Iyiv Hieroglyphs yuav tau muab faib ua ob yam loj pawg. Tus thawj yog cov phonograms (suab tias), thiab lub thib ob - ideograms (semantic tej yam tshwm sim). Tseeb lo lus siv rau xa mus rau tej tswvyim. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv 2 hom: determiners thiab logograms. Phonogram siv rau cov suab. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li peb hom ntawm cov cim: trehsoglasnye, dvusoglasnye thiab odnosoglasnye. Nws yog noteworthy tias yog tsis muaj cov duab ntawm cov cim cim. Yog li, qhov no yog tsiaj ntawv sau, zoo li Arabic los yog Hebrew. Egyptians yuav nyeem cov ntawv nyeem rau tag nrho cov ntawv niam, txawm yog hais tias lawv twb tsis inscribed. Txhua tus neeg paub raws nraim li cas lub suab ntawm ib co consonants yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv lub hais ib lo lus. Tab sis qhov uas tsis muaj tej yam tshwm sim ntawm niam yog ib tug teeb meem loj rau Egyptologists. Nyob ib tug ntev heev lub sij hawm (yuav luag kawg ob txhiab xyoo) lus suav hais tias tuag. Thiab niaj hnub no tsis muaj leej twg paub raws nraim li cas cov lus tsis nyuaj. Vim lub philological kev tshawb fawb yuav, ntawm chav kawm, muab ib tug ntxhib phonetics ntawm ntau lo lus, to taub lub ntsiab lus ntawm Iyiv hieroglyphics nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, Latin thiab lwm yam lus. Tab sis xws li tej hauj lwm yog tam sim no heev cais science.
phonogram
Odnosoglasnye tej yam tshwm sim twb Iyiv cov tsiaj ntawv. Hieroglyphs nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no siv los txhais ib tsiaj ntawv. Lub caij nyoog cov npe ntawm tag nrho cov cim odnosoglasnyh tsis paub hais tias. Lawv ib theem zuj zus tsim los ntawm kws tshawb fawb, Egyptologists. Transliteration yog ua li cas los ntawm kev siv Latin cov tsiaj ntawv. Yog hais tias, txawm li cas los, lub Latin tsiaj ntawv yog tsis tseem ceeb cov tsiaj ntawv los yog lawv xav tau ntau, ces diacritical tias yog siv los qhia. Dvusoglasnye suab yog tsim los rau cov kis ntawm ob consonants. Qhov no hom ntawm cov cim yog ib qho txaus. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog cov polyphonic (kis ntau ob peb ua ke). Trehsoglasnye tej yam tshwm sim qhia, ntsig txog, rau peb consonants. Lawv kuj lug faib nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lub yav tas ob hom yog siv nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm odnosoglasnyh tej yam tshwm sim uas yog tej los yog siab muaj kev cuam tshuam lawv lub suab.
Ideogrammaticheskie Iyiv Hieroglyphs thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus
Logograms yog cov cim uas xwm dab tsi lawv yeej meant. Piv txwv li, ib tug duab ntawm lub hnub - hnub no, thiab lub teeb thiab lub hnub nws tus kheej, thiab lub sij hawm.
siv tej yam tshwm sim
Zoo nkauj thiab es formal cim rau lawv siv. Nyob rau hauv kev, cov cim siv, raws li ib tug txoj cai, rau lub cim ntawm lub dawb ceev phau ntawv thiab monumental. Nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, los ua ib tug ua lag ua luam thiab kev cov ntaub ntawv, xov xwm siv ib tug yooj yim hieratic system. Tab sis txawm haum nquag siv, yuav tsis tshem cim. Lawv txuas ntxiv mus rau siv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub Persian, thiab thaum lub sij hawm Greco-Roman tswj. Tab sis kuv yuav tsum hais tias lub IV xyoo pua muaj ob peb tus neeg uas yuav siv thiab to taub cov system.
kev tshawb fawb
Ib qho ntawm thawj cim twb xav ancient sau ntawv Diodorus, Strabo, Herodotus. Tshwj xeeb txoj cai nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tej yam tshwm sim muaj Horapollon. Tag nrho cov neeg sau ntawv tau sib cav ntseeg tau hais tias tag nrho cov cim pib ib daim duab ntawm ib tsab ntawv. Nyob rau hauv no system, nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, tus neeg cim los rau tag nrho cov lus, tiam sis tsis cov tsiaj ntawv los yog lub suab. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm no thesis yog ib tug ntev heev lub sij hawm thiab twb soj ntsuam ntawm lub 19th caug xyoo. Tsis sim ncav paub meej tias no ziag no, zaum tau deciphered lub Hieroglyphs, kho txhua yam ntawm lawv raws li ib tug keeb ntawm pictographs. Cov thawj uas pom tias muaj cov phonetic cim, yog Thomas Young. Tab sis nws yuav nrhiav tsis tau tus yuam sij rau kev totaub txog lawv. Decipher Iyiv hieroglyphics ua tau zoo Jean-Fransua Shampolonu. Lub keeb kwm muaj nqis ntawm no soj ntsuam hais tias nws tso pov tseg rau hauv lub tswv yim sib cav ntawm ancient sau ntawv thiab xaiv nws tus kheej txoj kev. Raws li ib lub hauv paus ntawm kev kawm nws coj lub assumption tias cov Iyiv writings tsis muaj conceptual thiab phonetic ntsiab.
Kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm Rosetta pob zeb
Qhov no archaeological xyuas yog ib tug polished dub basalt slab. Nws yog tag nrho cov kev twb them nrog inscriptions uas tau raug ua nyob rau hauv ob yam lus. Nyob rau lub phaj peb hais lus. Tus thawj ob tug los ntawm lub ancient Iyiv Hieroglyphs. Qhov thib peb kem sau nyob rau hauv Greek, thiab nws yog ua tsaug rau nws muaj nyob rau hauv pob zeb ntawv nyeem tau nyeem. Nws yog ib qho kev tsim txiaj chaw nyob pov thawj, qhia los ntawm Ptolemy tsib Epiphanes rau nws coronation. Nyob rau hauv lub Greek ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb twb tau mus kawm los ntawm cov npe ntawm Cleopatra thiab Ptolemy. Lawv yuav tsum yuav nyob rau hauv cov neeg Iyiv cov ntawv nyeem. Nws twb paub hais tias cov npe ntawm cov pharaohs muaj lub cartouches, los yog dawb ntas. Yog vim li cas Shampilona tsis muaj teeb meem mus nrhiav cov npe ntawm cov neeg Iyiv text - lawv kom meej meej sawv tawm los ntawm tus so ntawm lub cim. Tom qab, los ntawm muab piv rau cov ntawv nyeem kem, tus kws tshawb fawb ntau dua thiab ntau convinced ntawm lub validity ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm phonetic cim raws li.
Ib txhia kev cai ntawm lub cim
Ntawm kev tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm kev sau ntawv muaj aesthetic xav txog kev teem. Nyob rau qhov no vim tsim tej yam kev cai uas txwv tsis pub cov kev xaiv ntawm cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Cim yuav sau raws li txoj cai mus rau sab laug, thiab vice versa, nyob ntawm seb qhov twg siv. Ib txhia cim tau sau thiaj li mus tim ntsej tim muag nyeem. Nws ncua txoj cai no rau ntau cim, tab sis lub feem ntau pom tseeb yog cov kev txwv yog nyob rau hauv kos duab cim uas piv txwv li no cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Yog hais tias lub inscription twb muab tso rau hauv lub website, nws tus neeg cim appealed rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub qhov rooj. Tuaj nyob rau hauv tus neeg yuav yooj yim nyeem cov cim, vim hais tias nws pib nrog cov ntawv nyeem cim nyob rau ntawm ib tug deb los ze zog mus rau nws. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tsis muaj ntawm cov kos npe rau "tsis qhia ignorance" thiab tsis tig nws rov qab rau leej twg. Txoj ntsiab cai tib yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yuav tsum muaj cai nyob rau hauv ib tug kev sib tham ntawm ob tug neeg.
tshawb pom
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias, txawm tus khees simplicity ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm cov neeg Iyiv, lawv system ntawm tej yam tshwm sim twb yog heev tham. Thaum lub sij hawm, lub cim pib ploj mus rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau, thiab tsis ntev lawv twb hloov los ntawm lwm txoj kev nraaj qhia ntawm kev hais lus. Loos thiab Greeks tsis qhia tshwj xeeb kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv Iyiv Hieroglyphs. Nrog rau cov me nyuam los tu ntawm ib tug system ntawm cov cim ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv kiag li tawm ntawm kev siv. Los ntawm 391, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm lub Byzantine huab tais Theodosius Thawj Great tag nrho pagan tuam tsev raug kaw. Xeem hieroglyphic cov ntaub ntawv hnub ntawm lub xyoo 394 (muaj tim khawv los archaeological tshawb pom nyob txog. Fila).
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