Ivan Goncharov: Lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm

Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov - tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab txawj sau ntawv, twb muaj nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg Academy ntawm Sciences. Qhov loj tshaj tej chaw tau los ntawm tej novels raws li "Open", "Ordinary Story", "Oblomov" thiab cov voj voog tsheb tsab ntawv "no kawg Pallada". Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, txhua leej txhua tus paub cov zajlus-ib qho tseem ceeb tsab xov xwm Goncharov "zillion torment". Peb qhia rau koj txog qhov no zoo kawg txawj sau ntawv nyob rau hauv kom meej.

lub txawj sau ntawv thaum yau

Ivan Goncharov, uas nws lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm yuav tau piav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, tau yug los nyob rau hauv Simbirsk nyob rau hauv 1812. Nws niam nws txiv koom rau cov ua lag luam hauv chav kawm ntawv. Childhood twb muaj nyob rau hauv lub me ntsis Ivan Goncharov loj tsev, nyob rau hauv lub nroog qhov chaw. Xyoo tom qab, tus txawj sau ntawv qhia txog nws nyob rau hauv nws ntawv zaj dab neeg "Tom tsev", "Glaciers, cellars, barns twb brim tag nrho ntawm hmoov, pias thiab tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm txawv kev cai rau peb tsev neeg thiab domestics. Nws tsis yog lub qub txeeg qub tes, thiab lub tag nrho lub zos. " Kuv yuav tsum hais tias yog dab tsi nws pom nyob rau hauv lub tsev no, launched ntawm ib tug hluas Goncharov paj nyob rau hauv txoj kev paub ntawm nws tus tswv, lub zos txoj kev ntawm lub neej ua ntej-kho kom zoo zog ntawm Guj kuj, uas yog li tseeb thiab vividly twb pauv nyob rau hauv nws novels.

Thaum Ivan yog 7 xyoo, nws txiv tau tuag, thiab rau cov kev kawm ntawv ntawm Ivan coj godfather - Nikolai Tregubov. Raws li ib tug retired seaman, nws twb txawv los ntawm ib tug zoo tseem ceeb heev xav thiab qhib-minded. "Nyob zoo neeg tsav nkoj" - yog li Goncharov, uas nws biography yog paub zoo tias mus kiv cua, hu ua nws tus kws qhia ntawv. Ivan Aleksandrovich hais tias: "Yuav kom ua tsaug rau Nicholas rau peb upbringing, kuv niam muab kev kho mob ntawm tag nrho cov haujlwm nyob rau hauv nws lub neej thiab lub sij hawm cov tub qhe Tregubova merged nrog peb, thiab nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm Niam, peb kho ib tug loj tsev neeg.". Intelligent kho mob mus rau Nicholas. Cov khoom no yog ib feem ntawm lub nteg nyob rau hauv lub xub pwg nyom ntawm tus niam - muaj zog, tej, zoo heev hostess.

tsim

Thaum xub thawj, tus tub hluas Goncharov, lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm yog admired, twb kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv tsev nyob rau hauv lub saib xyuas ntawm Tregubova, thiab ces nyob rau hauv ib tug ntiav nyiaj laus. Sai li sai tau raws li tus tub hluas 10 xyoo, nws raug xa mus Moscow thaum lub insistence ntawm leej niam.

Tus tom ntej 8 lub xyoo, Ivan kawm ntawm coj mus muag tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, cov kws ntawv yuav piav qhia txog cov xyoo raws li ib tug yooj yim thiab uninteresting. Txawm tias nws ncaj ncees thiab sab ntsuj plig kev loj hlob yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias. Tus tub nyeem heev. Domestic ntaub ntawv los ua nws yeej muaj tseeb cob qhia. Goncharov (lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm yog luv luv piav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm), hais tias: "Karamzin yog kuv thawj xib fwb nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm gumaniteta thiab kev ncaj ncees kheej raws li ib tug tag nrho. Raws li rau paj huam, peb yog teammates reveled Ozorovym, Dmitriev, thiab txawm Derzhavin Kheraskov muab los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv rau ib tug kws sau paj lug. "

Tus thawj mlom

"Eugene Onegin" los ntawm Pushkin ua Goncharov thiab nws cov phooj ywg nyob rau hauv no poetic cov khoom muaj nqis. Nws hais tias: "Oh kuv tus Vajtswv! Yuav ua li cas lub teeb, yog dab tsi khawv koob horizons qhib, thiab cov uas tshwm sim thiab paj huam, thiab lub neej, tshaj tej ntawm, meej thiab niaj hnub, dej nyab tawm ntawm no lub neej-muab hwj chim! "Qhov no thov Vajtswv adoration ua ntej lub npe ntawm tus poj poet Goncharov pom lub neej.

Mus kawm rau lub tsev kawm ntawv

Cov chav kawm nyob rau ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tau ua unbearable rau Ivan, thiab nws hais kom nws tus niam mus thov rau nws cov deletion. Thaum no tus taw tes, tus tub hluas yog kaum yim, thiab nws pib xav txog nws yav tom ntej. Thiab txij li thaum sawv raws li ib tug me nyuam ib tug mob siab rau kev sau ntawv tsis tau ploj mus nyob qhov twg, Goncharov, uas nws lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm yog intertwined mus ib txhis, txiav txim siab mus rau hauv lub lus department ntawm Moscow University. Nyob rau hauv 1831 nws ntse dhau qhov xeem thiab twb cuv npe kawm muaj.

Peb lub xyoos ntawm txoj kev tshawb yog ib qho tseem ceeb milestone nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm. Lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv twb xav quaj tawv heev - txog koj tus kheej, hais txog cov neeg, hais txog lub neej. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Ivan kawm nyob rau University of Aksakov, Turgenev, Lermontov, Stankevich, Ogarev, Herzen, Belinsky thiab lwm yam feemxyuam tub ntxhais hluas uas nkag mus hauv nws lub npe nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv.

tom qab tsev kawm ntawv

Tom qab kawm tiav rau xyoo los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv 1834, lub Potters mus rau hauv haiv neeg Simbirsk, qhov uas nws tos rau lub cov muam, niam thiab Tregubov. Yog li ntawd paub los ntawm thaum yau nroog Ivan ntaus saum toj no tag nrho los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias tau ntau xyoo muaj ib yam dabtsi hloov. Nws yog ib tug lossis loj tsaug tsaug zog lub zos.

Txawm tias ua ntej kawm tiav rau xyoo los ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv cia li sawv lub tswv yim rov qab los rau nws hometown. Nws kos khaus sab ntsuj plig lub neej nyob rau hauv lub capitals (St. Petersburg, Moscow). Thiab txawm hais tias qhov kev txiav txim mus rau tawm, nws coj, tab sis tseem tsis tau tawm.

thawj txoj hauj lwm

Thaum lub sij hawm no, Goncharov, kos duab ntawm lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm uas yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv qhov kev pab cuam, tau txais ib qho kev los ntawm tus tswv xeev ntawm Simbirsk. Nws xav kom lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv ua hauj lwm nws tus kheej secretary. Tom qab ntau npaum li cas hesitation thiab hesitation Ivan txais qhov kev, tab sis cov ua hauj lwm yog tsho thiab thankless. Tab sis nws to taub lub mechanism ntawm hauj lwm ntawm lub bureaucratic system uas yog pab tau kom nws tom qab raws li ib tug txawj sau ntawv.

Kaum ib hlis tom qab, nws tsiv mus rau St. Petersburg. Ivan pib los lawv muaj lawv neej yav tom ntej nrog lawv tus kheej txhais tes, tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm cov sab nraum. Nyob rau cov sij hawm tuaj, nws tsawm raws li ib tug neeg txhais lus nyob rau hauv lub Ministry ntawm nyiaj txiag. Cov kev pab cuam yog ua nra hnyav rau thiab mas them.

Tom qab ntawd, nws los ua phooj ywg nrog lub tsev neeg Maikova qhia ob laus tub, Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv thiab Latin. Tsev Maikova yog ib qho kev nthuav kev cai center ntawm St. Petersburg. Txhua txhua hnub peb yeej yuav mus rau lub ntxias, musicians thiab sau ntawv.

Thaum pib ntawm creativity

Thaum lub sij hawm Goncharov "zillion torment" uas tseem nyob rau ib qho ntawm feem nrov tej hauj lwm los ua ironically xa mus rau ib tug romantic cult ntawm cov kos duab xam qhovkev Maikova tsev. 40s yuav tsum tau hu ua pib ntawm nws cov hauj lwm. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv thiab zej zog nyob rau hauv kev. Ces cov txawj sau ntawv tau ntsib nrog Belinsky. Great critic heev enriched sab ntsuj plig Mir Ivana Aleksandrovicha thiab tsom admiration rau kev sau ntawv style, uas los ntawm Goncharov. "Zillion torment" cov txawj sau ntawv tau heev npaum li cas menyuam Belinsky.

Nyob rau hauv 1847, "Ordinary Story" tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv "Kawm". Nyob rau hauv no tshiab, cov teeb meem ntawm Romanticism thiab realism yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ntau yam pauv loj tej teeb meem ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub neej. Coined lub npe tus neeg sau kos tus nyeem ntawv lub mloog mus rau cov raug tus txheej txheem, thaws rov los nyob rau hauv lub creation.

ntiaj teb ncig saib

Nyob rau hauv 1852 Goncharova yog muaj hmoo tau tus tuav ntaub ntawv ua hauj lwm rau lwm-Admiral Putyatin. Yog li ntawd cov kws ntawv mus rau mus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv lub frigate "Pallada". Putyatin twb qhia rau tshawb xyuas lub Lavxias teb sab khoom ntiag nyob rau hauv America (Alaska) thiab tsim kom muaj lag luam thiab kev nom kev tswv kev sib raug zoo nrog rau Nyiajpoom Teb. Ivan Aleksandrovich yog twb nyob rau hauv anticipation ntawm lub plurality ntawm yaam puab paub hais tias yuav enrich nws ua hauj lwm. Goncharov "zillion torment" yog tseem heev nrov, los ntawm lub hnub thaum ntxov ua ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws chaw muag mis nyuj. Cov ntawv yog cov hauv paus ntawm nws dabtsi ntsiv phau ntawv "no kawg" Pallada "." Nws tuaj nyob rau hauv 1855, thaum cov txawj sau ntawv rov qab mus rau St. Petersburg, thiab twb zoo txais los ntawm cov nyeem.

Tab sis raws li Ivan Aleksandrovich ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug censor nyob rau hauv lub Ministry ntawm nyiaj txiag, nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv txawv txoj hauj lwm. Lub hnyav sectors ntawm haiv neeg nws chaw ua hauj lwm yog tsis txais tos. Tsim txom cov dawb kev xav thiab ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntxub hwj chim - uas yog dab tsi nws yog rau feem ntau Goncharov. Cov dab neeg "Oblomov" yog yuav luag yog npaj txhij, tab sis Ivan Aleksandrovich yuav tsis tag nws vim hais tias ntawm tsis muaj lub sij hawm. Yog li ntawd nws sab laug lub Ministry ntawm nyiaj txiag thiab siab teem rau kev sau ntawv ua hauj lwm.

flowering ntawm creativity

"Goncharov tshiab" Oblomov "" - qhov no inscription yog nyob rau hauv lub cover ntawm ob peb txhiab phau ntawv luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1859. Txoj hmoo ntawm cov hmoov txhuas ua cim tau qhia tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo tshwm sim, tab sis kuj raws li ib yam ntawm cov philosophical to taub ntawm lub teb chaws ua cim. Tus kws sau ntawv ua tus artistic discovery. Qhov no tshiab nkag mus hauv lub kos ntawm lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Goncharova raws li nws feem ntau zoo ua luaj tej hauj lwm. Tab sis Ivan Aleksandrovich yeej tsis xav kom nyob twj ywm kaw, thiab Bask nyob rau hauv lub hwjchim ci ntsa iab. Yog li ntawd, kuv pib ua hauj lwm rau ib tug tshiab tshiab - "Qhib". Qhov no ua hauj lwm yog nws tus me nyuam, uas nws tau tsa ntau li ntau 20 xyoo.

Qhov kawg tshiab

Puas siab ntsws thiab kev nyuaj siab - hais tias raug kev txom nyem los ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej Goncharov, uas nws lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm tau zoo heev tsim. "Qhib" - nws yog ib lub xeem loj ua hauj lwm ntawm tus kws. Tom qab Ivan Aleksandrovich tas saum toj no nws ua hauj lwm, nws pib nyob txawm nyuab me ntsis. Ntawm chav kawm, nws xav mus sau ib tug tshiab tshiab, tab sis rau nws, thiab tsis tau pib. Nws yeej ib txwm sau strained thiab maj mam. Lug txhawb cov miv feem ntau complained hais tias muaj tsis muaj lub sij hawm rau tsaug to taub lub fast-ntws txheej xwm ntawm kev kawm lub neej. Nws yuav tsum tau lub sij hawm rau lawv cov realization. Tag nrho peb ntawm tus kws uas sau phau ntawv portrayed pre-Reform Russia, uas nws to taub zoo kawg nkaus. Tus txheej xwm ntawm lub tom ntej no xyoo Ivan Aleksandrovich to taub zuj zus, thiab nws muaj nuj nqis ncaj ncees tsis dag lub zog rau lawv ntxaum txoj kev tshawb no. Cuaj kaum, nws yog nquag corresponded nrog rau lwm cov neeg sau ntawv, thiab tsis tau tawm hauv lub tswv yim ua hauj lwm.

Nws tau sau ob peb tsab ntawv: "Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj ntawm Siberia", "Lus raws Volga", "Literary yav tsaus ntuj" thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Ib txhia raug luam tawm posthumously. Tsis tas li ntawd muaj nqis ntsoov teev ib tug xov tooj ntawm nws tseem ceeb heev ua hauj lwm. Ntawm no yog cov nto moo tshaj plaws sketches Goncharov "zillion torment", "Zoo lig tshaj tsis", "Sau rau Belinsky", thiab lwm yam Lawv nrees haum rau hauv lub annals ntawm Lavxias teb sab thuam li classic piv txwv ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab aesthetic xav ..

tuag

Thaum pib ntawm lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1891 Goncharov (lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm yog luv luv piav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm) txias. Peb hnub tom qab, thaum nyob ib leeg, tus poj txawj sau ntawv tuag. Ivan Alexandrovich twb faus nyob St. Nicholas tojntxas ntawm lub Alexander Nevsky Lavra (tom qab ib nrab ib xyoo pua ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv tshauv tau kis nyob rau hauv lub Volkov Cemetery). Nyob rau hauv lub "Phau ntawv Journal ntawm cov teb chaws Europe" ib zaug zaj lus txog tus neeg tuag nyob: "Zoo li Saltykov, Ostrovsky, Aksakov, Herzen, Turgenev, Goncharov, yuav yeej ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev txaus qhia nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv."