Ib tug nyuag chronicle ntawm lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov

Niaj hnub no peb qhia txog Anton Chekhov - txog nws lub neej. Thiab Chekhov tus ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau muab nthuav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm. Peb pib nrog ib tug nyuag Phau ntawv sau, thiab ces piav txhua yam nyob rau hauv kom meej.

Ib tug nyuag chronicle ntawm lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm A. P. Chehova

• Anton Pavlovich Chehov yug 17 (29) Lub ib hlis ntuj 1860 nyob rau hauv Taganrog. Cov tsev neeg ntawm nws niam nws txiv - Chehovy Pavel Georgievich (ua lag luam) thiab Evgenia Yakovlevna.
• Lub sij hawm los ntawm 1876 mus 1878 - lub sij hawm no, tus thawj txawj thwmsim ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv.
• Kawm nyob rau hauv lub University of Moscow, rau cov kws qhia ntawm cov tshuaj, muaj nyob rau hauv 1879-1884, ntsig txog.
• Nyob rau hauv 1880 nws luam tawm thawj tej hauj lwm ntawm tus kws, raws li zoo raws li lawv ua hauj lwm twb nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ntau yam comic phau ntawv Magazine "Tswb moos", "tawg tsam," "Qaus liv".
• Nyob rau hauv 1890, Chekhov mus rau cov kob ntawm Sakhalin.
• Nws pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1898 nrog rau Moscow Art ua yeeb yam, uas twb muaj nyob rau ntawm tib lub sij hawm lub premiere ntawm cov kev ua si "Seagull".
• OL sib yuav rau Olga Knipper - 1901.
• 1903-1904 gg. - cov kev ua si twb xub staged nyob rau Moscow Art Theatre nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm "Cov Cherry vaj txiv."
• Nyob rau hauv 1904, 2 (15) ntawm Lub Xya hli ntuj, tus kws tuag nyob rau hauv Badenweiler, nyob rau hauv lub German resort.

Yog li ntawd, peb piav me ntsis txog lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov. Rooj, uas yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm no chronicle, yuav pab tau koj kom zoo dua assimilate cov ntaub ntawv, yog tias koj xav kom nco ntsoov hnub uas tseem ceeb txuam nrog tus neeg ntawm Anton Chekhov.

Yog hais tias koj xav tau ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv-tob paub ntawm cov biography, yuav pab tau koj ib tug ncaj ncauj lus kom ntxaws qhia ntawm lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov uas peb tau ua thiab kev rau koj hnub no.

Nyob rau hauv nws niam nws txiv tsev

Chehov Anton Pavlovich yug nyob rau hauv Taganrog. Nws yawg yog ib tug serf los ntawm kev yug me nyuam, tab sis yuav yuav rau nws tus kheej thiab nws tsev neeg thiab tau txais kev pab tom qab ntawd qub txeeg qub tes saib xyuas (ib co ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws cov duab reflected nyob rau hauv lub cim ntawm Firs "Lub Cherry vaj txiv"). Leej Txiv Anton Pavlovich muaj ib lub tsev muag khoom noj, tab sis differed tsis muaj peev xwm rau kev nyiaj txiag tej xwm txheej, yog tsis tau yus. Nyob rau hauv nws cim koom ntau: muab rau cov me nyuam artistic txuj ci (Paul G. zoo nyob duab, tab sis kuj paub zoo ntawm cov suab paj nruag, ua si rau cov nkauj laus ncas, hlub lub tsev teev ntuj hu nkauj) nrog lub imperiousness thiab hnyav-tes laug nrog hwm rau tsev neeg thiab lwm tus. Chekhov, recalling nws thaum yau, sau ntawv mus rau Alexander, nws laus tus kwv tij nyob rau hauv 1883 uas thaum yau taug horrors. Tsev Neeg despotism thiab lub txim tsim nyob rau hauv Chekhov rejection ntawm kev ua phem thiab kev tsis ncaj ncees, muaj lub siab kev ywj pheej, ib tug heightened kev txiav txim zoo ntawm nws tus kheej-kheej.

Independence nyob rau hauv lub neej

Thiab creativity, thiab lub neej ntawm Chekhov tus thaum ntxov ua ywj siab. Nyob rau hauv nws tsev neeg, cov me nyuam sai sai ua ywj siab. Tub pab nyob rau hauv cov lag luam tawm, los ntawm ib tug thaum ntxov muaj hnub nyoog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub khw. Anton Pavlovich li ntawd los ntawm ib tug hluas hnub nyoog tau raus rau hauv ib tsev neeg puag ncig: nws ntxuav cov chav tsev, mus rau kev ua lag luam, nqa dej, ntxuav nws tus kheej dab tshos rau zoo lawm, sau nrog kerosene teeb.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv nws lub neej muaj ib yam dab tsi lwm tus: domestic ua yeeb yam thiab skits uas Chekhov tus kheej invented thiab ua si nrog nws cov kwv tij, nuv ntses. Cov tsev neeg pib mus ua ib tug kaj niam, uas yog ntse, sincere thiab zoo poj niam.

Lub ntiaj teb no qhov nyob rau hauv lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov

Txij li thaum tseem yog menyuam yaus, Anton Pavlovich hlub lub ntuj lub ntiaj teb no, tau tshuav ib tug sib sib zog nqus cim rau nws tus ntsuj plig, nyuaj lub nqhis dej rau lub neej. Thiab lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov qhia no. Nyob rau hauv nws cov dab neeg peb tau raws li qhov kev piav qhia ntawm lub steppe, lub Taganrog Bay ( "The steppe", "Nyob rau Christmas Hmo ntuj" thiab lwm tus neeg.). Heev acutely paub txog qhov kev twb kev txuas nrog qhov xwm ntawm tus txawj sau ntawv thoob plaws hauv lub neej thiab tau qhia nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm nws no: cawv rau tib neeg lub neej. Nyob rau hauv Chekhov tej hauj lwm ntawm humanized xwm: tsiaj txhu, paj, ntoo, xav thiab xav tias raws li cov neeg ( "Ntshai", "Dawb-fronted", "Kashtanka," "Agatha").

Kev kawm ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv

Cov laus tus kwv tij tau muaj kev tswj los mus caum lub sij hawm thaum tsev neeg yog muaj kev ruaj ntseg: tsev mus saib cov Frenchman, tom qab uas nws twb hloov los ntawm Mme. Rau Nicholas, tus kwv tij ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv, twb raug caw los ua ib tug music xib fwb.

Thaum Anton loj hlob, tsev neeg cov nyiaj txiag teeb meem no tau worsened, li ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm mus tau xwb high-tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm ntawv. Tshwj xeeb cov paj laum nyob rau hauv kev kawm sau ntawv lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Chekhov, txawm li cas los, tsis ua. Qhov chaw ua hauj yog raug rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Nyob rau nws koj yuav ua tau ntau dua los yog tsawg tseeb lub tswv yim ntawm Chekhov tus zaj dabneeg luv luv hu ua "Lub txiv neej nyob rau hauv ib tug Case".

Nyob rau hauv high school zoo-ua science, kuv muaj ib tug tsom iav raj, qhov tseeb kiag li nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Anton nyob rau zaj lus qhia Vajtswv txoj Kevcai los ua ib tug nyiam tus menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm Pokrovskogo Fedora Platonovicha. Nws yog ib qho interesting, txawv txawv tus neeg uas pom thaum ntxov lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv comic txuj ci thiab muab nws lub npe menyuam yaus Chekhonte uas yog tom qab Chekhov pseudonym. Yog li, nws ua si ib lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws lub neej. Thiab lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov coj zoo tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm no nthuav cwm pwm. Txawm li cas los, prevailed nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv no ntsuj plig, mas yus muaj los ntawm formalism thiab bureaucratism. Nyob rau hauv sab ntsuj plig tsim ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv tau pab los ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab ua yeeb yam. Nws tsim ib tug thaum ntxov txoj kev hlub rau drama: thaum muaj hnub nyoog 13 xyoo, lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv yog ib tug twb tau kev qhua mus rau lub Taganrog ua yeeb yam.

Yuav kom qhov no lub sij hawm yuav kuj nws tus thawj txawj dag zog, tam sim no paub xwb los ntawm lub npe uas yog tsim thaum Chekhov. Lub neej thiab creativity, nyob rau hauv luv luv, lub sij hawm no cim los ntawm ib co tseem ceeb cov txheej xwm. Basic biographical tseeb peb tau hais, raws li regards creativity, nco ntsoov cov nram qab no. Raws li ib tug schoolboy, nws luam tawm magazine "luav", sau lub comedy "Tsis muaj zem hu nkauj qaib" thiab "nrhiav taum ib tug txiav pob zeb diamond," raws li tau zoo raws li cov ua yeeb yam "txiv".

Busting Chekhov tsev neeg

Nyob rau hauv 1876, tus txiv ntawm Anton Pavlovich mus tsis muaj nyiaj, tau yuam nrog nws tsev neeg mus rau Moscow. Anton twb tshuav nyob ib leeg nyob rau hauv Taganrog thaum lub hnub nyoog ntawm 16 xyoo, raws li tau kawm tiav los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv. Nws pib mus khwv tau muab private zaj lus qhia, banished txawm tsev neeg remittances. Cov yooj yim xyoo, ib lub neej tag nrho ntawm kev nyob ib leeg, kev nyuaj siab thiab kev nyuaj siab, pab mus rau thaum ntxov maturation ntawm ib tug txawj sau ntawv zoo li Chekhov. Lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm (luv luv piav) ntxiv lub sij hawm cim los ntawm cov nram qab no yooj yim txheej xwm.

Chekhov - ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm Moscow State University

Thaum dhau qhov kawg kev xeem nyob rau hauv 1879, Chekhov mus rau Moscow. Ntawm no nws twb cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv lub Moscow University, tug kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj. Los ntawm cov thawj cov hoob kawm Chekhov pib mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv, luam. Rau cov tsev neeg yog yuav luag xwb qhov uas txais los ua nws txawj khwv nyiaj. Chekhov los ua lub taub hau ntawm tsev neeg thiab nws cov kws kho mob.

Tus thawj luam tawm tej hauj lwm

Thawj luam tawm nws tej hauj lwm (parody) tuaj tawm nyob rau hauv lub magazine "Qaus liv". Czechs xaiv txawj txoj kev, sau ob qho tag nrho nyob rau hauv phau ntawv dab neeg thiab loj lwm yam. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua hauj lwm yog yeej los ntawm qhov qub. Nyob rau hauv ntau yam pseudonyms (Tij Laug ntawm kuv tus tij laug, Cov txiv neej tsis muaj ib tug po, Antosha Chehonte) nws sau nyob rau hauv lub comic phau ntawv Magazine "tawg tsam," "Qaus liv", "tswb", "spectator". Lub ntsiab yam nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog ib tug humorous xovxwm ntawm lub sij hawm, muaj ntau "tej yam me me" uas tau tsim los ntawm tej yam canons: .. txaus luag aphorisms, comic daim qhia hnub hli, sau, cov zajlus, dictionaries, comic ad, manuals, etc. Lawv Chekhov sai mastered thiab xav hais tias nws yog nyob ze rau lawv.

Satirical thiab humorous dab neeg

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1882-1883 muaj xws li cov dab neeg raws li "tuag rau lub official," "Tuab thiab nyias", "ntxhais ntawm Albion." Thaum muaj ntau yam ntawm tej hauj lwm tau sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov sketches, uas yog ib tug luv luv comic zaj dabneeg, qhov comic uas yog mus rau cov hloov hu heroes. Czechs tsa ib hom ntawv nyeem mus rau theem ntawm loj cov ntaub ntawv. Ntawm cov artistic nta ntawm Chekhov tus scenes yog cov nram no: ib tug yooj yim lub npe, ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev piav qhia thiab kev qhia txog ( "burbot", "qhua", "Help", "Nyob rau hauv lub da dej"), hais tias cov npe (Porcupine actor, General Zapupyrin tus ceev xwm Ochumelov, Khriukin tswv) thiab funny lus cim.

Tus tshiab laus nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov

Threads tom qab tej hauj lwm no twb tam sim no nyob rau hauv thawj ntawm Chekhov cov dab neeg: tus sau thaum nws luag ntawm lub absurdity ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab kev xav ntawm cov neeg, lawv cov empty neeg pab leg ntaubntawv. Thaum lub sij hawm, tej hauj lwm yog tshiab tonality. Nws predominates nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm kev lom zem tseem, tab sis nws tau txais ib co tshiab ntxoov, tshiab lub suab - ib tug tu siab, lyrical. Nws yuav pom los ntawm lub zog ntawm ridicule mus rau lub tsom xam, thiab nyob rau hauv funny cim - ib tug contradictory, nyuab. Yog hloov los ntawm cov dluab ntawm daim npog qhov ncauj ib tug neeg cim. Nyob rau hauv cov dab neeg hais txog rau lub sij hawm ntawm 1883-1886 xyoo ( "cov kawm Askiv", "ntxhov heev", "Tosca", "Huntsman"), yog twb pom yav tom ntej Chekhov.

Ua Chekhov zaj dab neeg

Ntxiv lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1884 mus 1888 yuav muab raws li nram no. Nyob rau hauv 1884, thaum kawm tiav ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cov kev tshawb fawb, Chekhov ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Zvenigorod, Voskresensk. Nws kuj yog ib tug correspondent rau lub Moscow ntawv xov xwm, "thooj". Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1884 mus 1888 nws ua ntau tej hauj lwm - ntau tshaj 350. Chekhov zaj dab neeg ntawm lub sij hawm no yog ua raws li cov thawj thiab cov tshiab tshwm sim ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Chekhov nyob rau hauv no me me ib hom ntawv nyeem muaj kev tswj kom haum raws li ib tug lossis loj puas hawv, kev thiab philosophical cov ntsiab lus. Kuj ceeb tias capacious nws daim ntawv no.

Lub flowering ntawm txuj ci Anton Chekhov nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm zaj dab neeg

Rau lub sij hawm 1880-1890-ies cim hom yog txiav txim los ntawm lub kawg (nruab nrab, zoo tib yam, feem ntau cov "me ntsis" cov neeg). Cov khoom duab yuav mundane, lub neej txhua hnub. Lub sij hawm no yog xam tias yog qhov heyday ntawm Chekhov tus txuj ci. Tsim tshiab collections. Nyob rau hauv 1886 - "motley dab neeg" nyob rau hauv 1887 - "♦ hais lus" thiab "Nyob rau hauv lub twilight", nyob rau hauv 1888 - "Cov dab neeg" nyob rau hauv 1890 - "Tu siab heev neeg." Kws ntawv Pushkin nqi zog twb muab tsub rau hauv phau ntawv hu ua "Nyob rau hauv lub twilight". Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1887 nws tau sau ib comedy "Ivanov", thiab ces - vaudeville "Jubilee", "kab tshoob", "Lub meej" thiab "Xyooj", uas tau muab tso rau hauv kev theaters.

Chekhov yog xa mus rau cov kob ntawm Sakhalin

Ib qho chaw twg rau Sakhalin hloov lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov. Piav mentsis txog lub ntsiab txheej xwm ntawm lub sij hawm. Nyob rau qhov no kob, Chekhov mus kom nyob ze rau lub convicts. Ntawm no nws ua peb lub hlis ib leeg census, tham rau cov neeg sib txawv. Chekhov, raws li ib tug pej xeem thiab artist, tau txiav txim siab los qhia rau cov neeg qhov hnyav tseeb. Cov tshwm sim ntawm lub dawm - luam tawm nyob rau hauv xyoo 1894 hauv phau ntawv "Lub Island ntawm Sakhalin".

Tej hauj lwm sau nyob rau hauv lub 90s

Tom qab ntawd, qhov tshwm sim ntawm domestic kev muaj tiag, nws twb kho ntau harshly. Tus thawj ntawm cov loj tej hauj lwm sau ntawv tom qab lub dawm los ua ib zaj dab neeg hu ua "Duel" (luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1891), raws li zoo raws li lub "Chamber №6" - zaj dab neeg, uas yog luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1892.

Czechs nyob rau hauv lub 90 xyoo sau txog delusions, illusions, insolvency ntau lub neej kev pab cuam ( "Rothschild lub fiddle", "Kooj," "Xib Fwb ntawm Literature"). Thaum lub sij hawm no, raws li cov dab neeg twb tsim raws li "Hais txog kev hlub", "Gooseberries," "txiv neej nyob rau hauv ib tug Case", "Ionich".

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1892, tus kws tswm nyob rau hauv Melikhovo qub txeeg qub tes nyob ze Moscow, koom nyob rau hauv kev siab hlub kev ua si, nws hlub cov tswv teb, lub tsev tsev kawm ntawv, kev kho mob chaw. Nws hloov nws lub neej. Chekhov, lub neej, uas nws tej hauj lwm yog interconnected, tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua hauj lwm "Nyob rau hauv lub Kwj", "Tshiab Villa", "rau ib tug lub tawb nqa khoom", "Guys".

Playwright Antona Pavlovicha Chehova

Tus thawj daim, uas pib Chekhovian dramaturgy - nws yog "Tus Seagull." Nws twb staged nyob rau hauv lub ua yeeb yam ntawm Alexandria nyob rau hauv 1896. Txawm li cas los, lub tswv yim yog tsis muaj kev vam meej. Yog vim li cas - cov misunderstood ntau ntawm Chekhov tus innovation. Tom qab 2 xyoo nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov Moscow Art ua yeeb yam, nws tshwm sim los ib furor. Tom qab "Lub Seagull," tuaj ua si "txiv ntxawm Vanya" (1899), kuj ua si ib tug lossis loj kev vam meej. Nyob rau hauv tom qab tej hauj lwm ( "Peb viv ncaus" thiab "Cherry vaj txiv" - 1901 thiab 1903 xyoo, ntsig txog) embodied twb nyob rau hauv tag nrho tej ntsiab cai ntawm txaus ntshai sau.

Lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej

Nyob rau hauv 1897, Chekhov twb yuam kom mus rau lub tsev kho mob TB, thiab ces siv lub caij ntuj no 1897-1898 nyob rau hauv zoo. Thaum lub insistence ntawm cov kws kho mob nws mus nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1898 nyob rau hauv Yalta, qhov uas nws siv lub caij ntuj no. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, cov txawj sau ntawv tau npaj tus sau cov hauj lwm, uas, nyob rau hauv ob tshooj (1899-1902 th thiab 1903 tus.) Nyob rau hauv print.

Nyob rau hauv 1901, ib tug txawj sau ntawv sib yuav rau Olga Knipper Leonardovna actress.

Maj mam, nws noj qab haus huv qub, cov kws kho mob hais rau xa mus lub teb chaws Yelemees nyob rau hauv Badenweiler. Qhov no txawj sau ntawv mus nrog nws tus poj niam. 2 (15) nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1904 yog hnub kawg ntawm nws lub neej.

Thiab lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov, thiab nws cov pej xeem ua ub no, thiab ntau yam lus tseeb ntawm cov ntawv sau txog qhia rau peb hais tias nws yog ib tug txiv neej siab ntawm sab ntsuj plig hom phiaj thiab kev coj tsis ncaj qhov tseem ceeb. Tsaug rau xws li nws yog, peb lub ntiaj teb tau txais ib tug me ntsis zoo dua. Vaj Keeb Kwm lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov tau nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm. Peb yuav zoo siab yog hais tias nws tau sim hawm caij nyoog rau koj xav mus ntxiv acquaintance nrog no zoo kawg li txawj sau ntawv. Lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov, nws biography yog heev instructive thiab nthuav. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, hmoov tsis, tag nrho cov lus tsis yooj yim sua los qhia rau.