Hydrocarbons - ib tug ... nyeem hydrocarbons. cov chav kawm hydrocarbons

Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm tshuaj muaj xws li roj thiab methane, nkev. Lawv ntau yam yog zoo kawg thiab. Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, txog hydrocarbons. Nws yog ob lub ib qho ntawm feem ntau thiab feem ntau sought tom qab tshuaj tib neeg. Yuav ua li cas lawv sawv cev rau? Nws yog ib nqi nco ntsoov, raws li hais nyob rau hauv lub 9 qib Science News for KIDS.

hydrocarbons

Qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv uas muaj ntaub ntawv combines ib tug ntau yam ntawm tebchaw, feem ntau ntawm uas tau ntev tau ntse siv rau lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj ib tug neeg. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov pa roj carbon yog heev yooj yim mus tsim tshuaj bonds, nyob rau hauv particular hydrogen, thiab yog li ntawd muaj yog xws li ib tug ntau yam. Yog tsis muaj nws, lub neej yuav tsis yooj yim sua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas peb paub nws.

Hydrocarbons - ib yam khoom uas muaj ob lub ntsiab carbon thiab hydrogen. Lawv molecules yuav tsis tsuas linear tab sis kuj branched thiab daim ntawv kaw loops.

kev faib

Carbon ntaub ntawv plaub bonds, thiab hydrogen - ib tug. Tab sis qhov no tsis txhais hais tias lawv piv ib txwm 1 mus rau 4. Qhov tseeb yog tias ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms tej zaum yuav tsis tau tsuas yog ib zaug xwb tab sis kuj muab ob npaug rau thiab triple bonds. Raws li qhov no txog kev paub qhov txawv cov chav kawm ntawm hydrocarbons. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thawj cov tshuaj hu ua txwv (los yog alkanes), thiab lub thib ob - unsaturated los yog unsaturated (alkenes thiab alkynes rau ob thiab peb mus ntsig txog).

Lwm kev faib qhia rau cov saib xyuas ntawm cov qauv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no qhov txawv aliphatic hydrocarbons, uas yog linear qauv, thiab carbocyclic, ib tug kaw Circuit Court. Cov nyob rau hauv lem yog muab faib ua alicyclic thiab uas muaj ntxhiab.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, hydrocarbons feem ntau raug rau polymerization - txheej txheem ntawm txuas ntawm tib yam molecules rau txhua lwm yam. Cov no ib tug tshiab khoom, tsis zoo li tus puag. Ib qho piv txwv yog lub polyethylene tau los ntawm ethylene tsuas. Qhov no yog tsuas tau thaum nws los txog rau unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Qauv, uas kuj yuav mus rau ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm unsaturated, siv lawv dawb radicals muab thiab tshiab atoms lwm tshaj hydrogen. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub tau lwm yam organic tshuaj: alcohols, amines, ketones, esters, cov nqaijrog, lwm yam Tiam sis nws yog kiag li nyias muaj nyias ib lub ntsiab nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS ...

piv txwv

Hydrocarbons - ib tug lossis loj ntau yam ntawm tshuaj, txawm noj mus rau hauv tus account lub cais. Tseem, nws puas tsim nyog luv luv sau cov npe ntawm tebchaw muaj nyob rau hauv no loj cov hoob kawm.

1. Nyeem hydrocarbons - yog methane, ethane, hluav taws roj zeb, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, etc. Cov thawj thiab lub npe thib peb yuav tsum paub, txawm tias cov neeg uas yog tsis yog tshwj xeeb phooj ywg mus Science News for KIDS ... Yog li ntawd hu ua heev hom ntawm roj cua.
2. Lub alkenes (olefins) hauv chav kawm ntawv muaj xws li ethene (ethylene), propene (propylene), butene, pentene, hexene thiab cov zoo li. D.
3. Mus rau alkynes yog ethyne (acetylene), propyne, butyne, pentyne, hexyne, thiab hais txog. D.
4. Incidentally, lub ob thiab triple bonds tej zaum yuav ib. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, xws lug yog alkadienyl thiab alkadiinam. Tab sis ntau heev yuav tsum tsis txhob delve.
5. Raws li rau hydrocarbons, cov qauv ntawm cov uas yog kaw, vim lawv muaj lawv tus kheej npe: cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes thiab cycloalkynes.
6. Thawj npe: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, etc ...
7. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob chav kawm muaj xws li cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene thiab cov zoo li. D.
8. Thaum kawg cycloalkynes, uas tsis yog-txwm tshwm sim. Peb sim los ua ke lawv rau ib ntev lub sij hawm thiab rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, thiab nws yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub XX caug xyoo. Cycloalkynyl molecules muaj tsawg kawg yog 8 carbon atoms. Nrog ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm ib tug compound cia li tsis ruaj tsis khov vim hais tias ntau dhau kev nyuaj siab.
9. Muaj arena (uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons), qhov nyuaj thiab feem ntau ntawm cov uas yog tus neeg sawv cev ntawm benzene. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv cov hoob kawm no muaj xws li naphthalene, furan, thiophene, indole, thiab hais txog. D.

zog

Raws li hais saum toj no, lub hydrocarbons - ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau yam. Yog li ntawd, tham txog lawv cov cuab yeej yog dog dig coj txawv txawv, vim hais tias xws li yog tsis muaj.

Cov tib feature nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hydrocarbons yuav suav hais tias tshwj tsis yog tias muaj pes tsawg leeg. Thiab kuj muaj cov fact tias nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm txhua kab, raws li tus xov tooj ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms, cov kev hloov los ntawm lub gaseous thiab kua daim ntawv mus rau ib tug khoom.

Yog lwm zoo sib thooj: tag nrho cov hydrocarbons muaj zoo flammability. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ib tug ntau ntawm tshav kub, ua carbon dioxide thiab dej.

tej yam ntuj tso qhov chaw

Ib yam li lwm yam minerals tawm, ib txhia hydrocarbons yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov deposits thiab reserves nyob rau hauv lub kiav txhab. Nyob rau hauv kev, lawv comprise lub ib thooj ntawm cov roj thiab cov nkev. Qhov no yog kom meej meej pom nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntawm lub yav tas: nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem tawm loj heev cov nqi ntawm cov tshuaj, feem ntau ntawm uas yog hais txog hais rau hydrocarbons. Gas zoo rau nws rau 80-97% feem ntau muaj methane. Tsis tas li ntawd, methane yog ua thaum lub sij hawm decomposition ntawm cov organic pov tseg thiab seem, yog li ntawd nws npaj tsis muaj ib tug loj teeb meem.

Lwm yam hydrocarbon qhov chaw - laboratory. Cov tshuaj uas tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov xwm, yuav tsum npaj kom txhij los ntawm lwm tebchaw los ntawm cov tshuaj tshua.

kev siv cov

Hydrocarbons ua si ib tug lossis loj lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub ntawm noob neej. Roj thiab cov nkev tau los ua ib tug zoo heev kev pab, txij li thaum lawv mus ua roj thiab zog. Tab sis qhov no yog tsis yog tib txoj kev siv sib txuas los ntawm cov hoob kawm no. Hydrocarbons - cia txhua yam uas nyob ib ncig cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Nrog lub polymerization muaj peev xwm mus muab tau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm kev tsim kho rau ntau hom ntawm yas, ntaub, thiab lwm yam kerosene, kuab tshuaj, xim thiab kua roj vanish khoom, waxes, asphalt, ib, bitumen, thiab hais tias yog tsis suav cov loj ua kom zoo zoo cov khoom - .. Ntawm roj a thiab diesel roj.

Tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog enormous. Raws li unsaturated thiab nyeem hydrocarbons - pua pua thiab phav phav yam uas txhua leej txhua tus yog siv mus thiab yuav tsis ua yog tsis muaj lawv nyob rau hauv qhov nyuaj ntawm teeb meem. Tsis tshua muaj neeg yooj yim mus tsis kam lawv cov kev siv, txawm noj mus rau hauv tus account lub fact tias cov roj thiab cov nkev sau raws li kws tshuaj ntsuam twv seb. Twb lawm, noob neej ib yam nrhiav lwm yam energy, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg ntawm cov kev xaiv uas tau tseem tsis tau pom hais tias nws lub tib yam efficiency thiab versatility li hydrocarbons.