Cyclic nyeem hydrocarbons: yuav ua li cas yog lawv cov kev npaj. cycloalkanes

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib tau cycloalkanes thiab nta ntawm lawv cov qauv. Cia peb sim los piav tus yam ntxwv thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj, raws li nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv cov qauv.

qauv

Yuav pib rau kev tsom xam cov qauv ntawm cov hais tias cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic hydrocarbons. Tag nrho cyclic tebchaw raug muab faib ua carbocyclic thiab heterocyclic hom.

Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg no nyob rau hauv ib lub voj kaw peb carbon atoms. Heterocyclic tib tebchaw lwm tshaj carbon nyob rau hauv lawv cov molecules kuj muaj cov leej faj, cov pa, phosphorus, nitrogen.

Muaj kev faib carbocyclic uas muaj ntxhiab tebchaw thiab alicyclic substance.

alicyclic tshuaj

Cov no muaj xws cycloalkanes. Tshuaj zog thiab kev npaj ntawm cov tshuaj yog txiav txim precisely los ntawm ib tug kaw qauv ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm hydrocarbons.

Alicyclic hu ua cov neeg tshuaj uas muaj ib los sis ntau tshaj uas tsis yog-uas muaj ntxhiab xwm mus. Kev npaj thiab siv cov cycloalkanes yog suav tias yog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv cov kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub alicyclic compound.

kev faib

Qhov yooj yim tus neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm hydrocarbons yog cyclopropane. Nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv tsuas yog peb carbon atoms. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub homologous series yog hu ua, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, thiab paraffins. Raws li lawv cov tshuaj thiab lub zog yog zoo ib yam li nyeem hydrocarbons. Cov molecules muaj ib bonds tsim hybrid orbitals. Lub cycloalkanes hom hybridization SP3.

Zuag qhia tag nrho muaj pes tsawg leeg qhia los ntawm cov mis SnN2n chav kawm ntawv. Cov tebchaw no interclass isomers ethylenic hydrocarbons.

Raws li tam sim no thoob ntiaj teb nomenclature ntawm hloov chaw, nrog rau lub npe ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntxiv prefix "cyclo" mus rau cov xov tooj ntawm hydrocarbon atoms. Yog li, piv txwv li, tau txais cyclohexane, cyclopentane. Meej pem muab lub nomenclature lub npe rau tus xov tooj ntawm kaw methylene pawg CH2. Vim li no, nws yuav raug xa mus rau trimethylene cyclopropane thiab cyclobutane - tetramethylene.

Rau cov hoob kawm no ntawm cov organic tebchaw yus muaj los ntawm cov yam ntxwv isomerism txog cov xov tooj ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lub nplhaib, thiab kho qhov muag isomerism.

kev kawm

Tam sim no xav txog yuav ua li cas lub txais tos. Cycloalkanes yuav tau nyob rau hauv ob peb txoj kev, nyob ntawm seb dab tsi zoo ntawm ib tug starting khoom xaiv rau tshuaj lom neeg pom. Peb yuav tsom xam lub ntsiab xaiv paraffin synthesis.

Yog li ntawd, yog dab tsi uas lawv tau txais? Cycloalkanes tsim los ntawm cyclization diagalogenproizvodnyh nyeem hydrocarbons. Ib yam li ntawd sib ua four- thiab peb-membered nplhaib. Piv txwv li, cyclopropane. Cia peb xav txog nws npaj - cycloalkanes, uas yog cov thawj neeg sawv cev ntawm lub homologous series yog tsim los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm nws yog xim hlau magnesium los yog zinc digalogenproizvodnuyu coj alkane.

Thiab yuav ua li cas koj yuav tsim ib tug tsib-membered thiab rau-membered cyclic tebchaw, cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv tau txais? Cycloalkanes nrog raws li muaj ntau yam carbon atoms nyob rau hauv cov qauv los tsim ib tug es tsis yooj yim, vim vim lub conformation ntawm ib qho teeb meem nrog lub cyclization ntawm lub molecule. Qhov no tshwm sim yog vim free kev sib hloov ntawm lub C-C, uas ho thiaj li yuav ua rau muaj cov cyclic compound. Rau lub tsim ntawm cov neeg sawv cev cycloalkanes li pib ntaub ntawv yog cov 1,2- los yog 1,3-digalogenproizvodnye coj alkane.

Ntawm cov kev paraffin synthesis txheej txheem thiab kuj paub qhov txawv decarboxylation ntawm dicarboxylic acids thiab ntsev ntawd. Tsib thiab rau-membered cycloalkanes npaj intermolecular hws.

Cov kev txoj kev rau lawv tsim pav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm alkenes thiab carbenes, es ua oxygenated derivatives tsiklosoedineny.

tshuaj zog

Tag nrho cov tau txoj kev tau txais cycloalkanes thiab lawv cov kev sib tshuam yog txiav txim los ntawm lub peculiarities ntawm tshuaj qauv. Muab lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug cyclic qauv, ntawm lub ntsiab thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hydrogen cycloalkanes xaiv kev twb kev txuas (hydrogenation), nws tshem tawm (lub cev qhuav dej).

Rau cov tshuaj siv ib lub hauv paus, raws li yog platinum, palladium yuav ua. Yog reacted nyob rau ntawm ib kom kub, nws cov nuj nqis nyob rau lub nplhaib loj. Qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv cyclic hydrocarbon molecule los ntawm UV irradiation, tej zaum yuav reacted chlorination (tshuaj tas li ntawd).

Zoo li tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov organic tebchaw, cycloalkane yog tau mus nkag rau hauv lub combustion cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, rau daim carbon dioxide tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, dej vapor. Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hais txog exothermic dab txij thaum nrog kev tso tawm ntawm txaus tshav kub.

xaus

Paraffins raug kaw hydrocarbon tebchaw tsim los ntawm digalogenproizvodnyh alkanes los yog lwm yam organic tebchaw. Nta ntawm lawv cov qauv txiav txim yooj yim tshuaj zog cycloalkanes, lawv daim ntawv thov. Mas lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv cov organic synthesis yuav tsim oxygenated organic tebchaw.