Hom thiab ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub ecosystem. Piv txwv li ntawm hloov ecosystem

Steppe, deciduous hav zoov, hav iav, thoob dej yug ntses, dej hiav txwv, teb - tej yam khoom los ntawm daim ntawv no yuav tsum tau saib raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub ecosystem. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav qhia lub essence ntawm cov tswvyim no thiab xav txog ntau yam.

ecological zej zog

Ecology - lub science uas kawm tag nrho seb ntawm lub kev sib raug zoo uas muaj sia nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev kawm ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb no yog tsis yog ib tug private ib tug neeg thiab cov tej yam kev mob ntawm nws lub neej. Ecology yog sawv cim, lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lawv cov kev sis raug zoo thiab tsim tau. Yog li, lub totality ntawm cov pejxeem txiav txim rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm biocenosis, uas muaj xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm hom.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov qus coob INTERACTIONS tsis tsuas yog cov lawv tus kheej tab sis kuj nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob. Xws li ib tug ecological zej zog hu ua lub ecosystem. Yuav kom qhia tau tias cov tswvyim no kuj siv lub sij hawm biogeocoenosis. Thiab ib tug tej yam me me thoob dej yug ntses, thiab tsis kawg taiga - qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub ecosystem.

Ecosystem: ib tug txhais

Raws li koj tau pom, lub ecosystem yog ib tug zoo nkauj broad lub sij hawm. Los ntawm ib tug scientific standpoint, lub zej zog yog ib tug sau ntawm cov ntsiab ntawm cov xwm thiab lub abiotic ib puag ncig. Xav txog qhov no piv txwv ntawm cov ecosystem raws li ib tug steppe. Qhov no yog ib qho qhib hav cheeb tsam nrog cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj uas tau yoog mus rau tej yam kev mob ntawm tus mob khaub thuas los daus winters thiab kub qhuav summers. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm adaptation mus rau lub neej nyob rau hauv cov suab puam lawv tau tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm daws mechanisms.

Yog li, heev heev nas ua underground nqe vaj lug kub nyob rau hauv uas cia grain reserves. Ib txhia steppe nroj tsuag yog xws li ib tug kev hloov kho ntawm cov sib ntaus, raws li lub teeb. Nws yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tulips, crocuses, snowdrops. Tsis pub dhau ob lub lim piam kom txog thaum txaus noo noo nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, lawv lub sij hawm kom loj hlob tua thiab ottsvesti. Ib tug unfavorable lub sij hawm lawv muaj kev nyob rau hauv lub hauv av, pub vim yav tas los stocked as-ham thiab dej fleshy qhov muag teev.

Cereal nroj tsuag muaj lwm underground khiav kev hloov kho - rhizome. Nws elongated internodes thiab stocking khoom. Piv txwv yog cereal steppe hluav taws Bluegrass, hedgehog, fescue, bentgrass. Lwm feature yog lub vos nplooj uas tiv thaiv ntev evaporation.

kev faib ntawm ecosystems

Raws li yog lub npe hu, lub ecosystem ciam teem los ntawm phytocenoses - cog cov zej zog. Qhov no feature yog siv thiab cov kev faib ntawm cov zej zog. Yog li, hauv lub hav zoov - ib tug natural ecosystem, piv txwv uas yog heev ntau haiv neeg: ntoo qhib, Aspen, teb chaws sov, birch, fir, linden, hornbeam.

Hauv plawv ntawm lwm classifications yog zonal los yog kev nyab xeeb ntxwv. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm no ecosystem - ib lub zej zog ntawm txee los yog coastlines, tus mob rocky lossis tau zeb suab puam, floodplain los yog subalpine meadows. Lub totality ntawm cov sib txawv ntawm cov zej zog roos lub ntiaj teb no lub hnab ntawv ntawm peb ntiaj chaw - lub biosphere.

Ntuj ecosystems: piv txwv

Ib tug txawv no kuj ntuj thiab dag biogeocoenoses. Community thawj hom khiav lag luam yog tsis muaj kev pab tib neeg. Ntuj nyob ecosystem, piv txwv uas yog sufficiently heev heev, muaj ib tug cyclic qauv. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov thawj cog ntau lawm rov qab los dua nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm teeb meem thiab lub zog. Thiab qhov no txawm lub fact tias nws yuav tsum kis tau los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm mov saw.

agrobiocenoses

Siv tej yam ntuj kev pab, tus txiv neej tau tsim heev heev dag ecosystems. Piv txwv li cov zej zog - nws agrobiocenoses. Cov no muaj xws lub teb, vaj, orchards, pastures, greenhouses, hav zoov sawv. Agrocnosises tsim rau ua liaj ua teb cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv lawv muaj cov tib yam ntawm cov zaub mov saw, thiab hais tias lub ntuj ecosystem.

Producers nyob rau hauv agrocenoses yog ob qho tib si kev cai thiab weeds. Nas tsuag, txhom, kab, noog - yog consuments los yog tau txais kev pab ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Ib tug kab mob thiab fungi sawv cev ib pab pawg neeg decomposers. Ib tug txawv feature yog lub yuav tsum tau koom tes agrobiocenoses neeg uas yog ib tug tsim nyog txuas nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov saw thiab tsim lub tej yam kev mob rau ib tug dag ecosystem productivity.

Kev sib piv ntawm ntuj thiab dag ecosystems

Dag ecosystems, piv txwv ntawm uas peb twb sib tham, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm disadvantages piv nrog tej yam ntuj tso. Cov yav tas txawv stability thiab muaj peev xwm rau nws tus kheej-kev cai. Tab sis agrobiocenoses tsis muaj kev pab tib neeg rau ib ntev lub sij hawm yuav tsis muaj nyob. Piv txwv li, ib tug nplej teb los yog ib lub vaj teb nrog zaub cov qoob loo nyob ib leeg ua tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ib xyoos, perennial nroj tsuag - txog peb. Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv no hais txog yog ib lub vaj teb, txiv hmab txiv ntoo nroj tsuag uas muaj peev xwm ntawm cov lawv tus kheej mus txog rau 20 xyoo.

Ntuj ecosystems tsuas yog cov hnub ci zog. Tus txiv neej ua nws agrobiocenoses ntxiv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tillage, chiv, aeration, tshuaj tua nroj thiab cov kab no. Txawm li cas los, peb paub tias muaj ntau tus neeg mob qhov twg tib neeg kev ua ub no yuav ua rau kev phiv los: av salinity thiab waterlogging, desertification, thiab kab mob sib kis ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tus neeg zoo li.

ecosystems lub zos

Thaum lub tam sim no theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg tau twb ua teeb meem loj cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv ntawm cov biosphere. Yog li ntawd, faib ib daim plhaub, ncaj qha tsim los ntawm tib neeg kev ua si. Nws hu ua lub noosphere. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, nws kim heev kev loj hlob nce mus txog xws li ib tug tshaj plaws li urbanization - ua lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub zos nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg lub neej. Lawv yog cov twb lub tsev mus rau ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm peb ntiaj chaw.

nroog ecosystem nws muaj nws tus kheej idiosyncrasies. Lawv ua txhaum tus piv ntawm Cheebtsam ntawm cov khoom noj webs, vim hais tias cov kev cai ntawm tag nrho cov dab txuam nrog cov pom ntawm qhov teeb meem thiab lub zog, yog nqa tawm heev dua lwm yam tib neeg. Tsim rau lawv tus kheej tag nrho cov tau kev pab, nws ua ib qho loj thiab phiv tej yam kev mob. Kuab huab cua, thauj thiab tsev teeb meem, theem ntawm morbidity, rau qhov suab nrov ntawm ib tug tsis zoo feem nyob rau kev kho mob ntawm nroog tuaj.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub succession

Heev feem ntau nyob rau hauv tib cheeb tsam no muaj ib tug succession ntawm tej yam ntuj tso cov zej zog. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua succession. Ib tug classic piv txwv ntawm ecosystem hloov - yog cov tsos ntawm hardwood forests rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm ntoo thuv. Vim qhov hluav taws kub lub noob nyob rau hauv lub nyob ib ncig. Tab sis rau lawv germination yuav siv sij hawm ib tug ntev lub sij hawm. Yog li ntawd thawj nyob rau hauv lub scene ntawm qhov hluav taws kub zoo nkaus li herbaceous nroj tsuag. Thaum lub sij hawm nws hloov lub bushes, thiab lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, - deciduous ntoo. Cov no yog hu ua theem nrab succession. Lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm tej yam ntuj tso yam thiab tib neeg kev ua ub no. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lawv yog haum ntau.

Primary succession txuam nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov av tsim. Nws yog raug rau tej qhov chaw devoid ntawm lub neej. Piv txwv li, cov pob zeb, xuab zeb, pob zeb, Sandy av zoo ua qoob. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, thawj muaj tej yam kev mob rau cov tsim ntawm cov av, thiab xwb ces tuaj rau lwm yam biogeocoenose.

Yog li, lub ecosystem yog hu ua ib lub zej zog tsim ntawm biotic ntsiab thiab yam tseem ceeb ntawm tswg xwm. Lawv zoo mob ncig ntawm teeb meem thiab lub zog.