Hom ntawm cov organic tshuaj isomerism

Isomerism - ib tug es tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj, vim hais tias cov qauv thiab orientation ntawm lub molecule nyob rau nws cov khoom. Hom isomers li zoo li ib tug feature qauv ntawm tshuaj pojniam hu ua lub kawm kom hnub no.

Isomers thiab isomerization: yog dab tsi?

Ua ntej xav tias lub ntsiab hom isomerism, nws yog tsim nyog los nrhiav tau tawm yog dab tsi lub sij hawm txhais li cas. Nws yog xam hais tias isomerism yog lub phenomenon tias thaum cov tshuaj compound (los yog isomers) sib txawv qauv thiab kev kho ntawm atoms, tab sis yog yus muaj los ntawm cov tib pes tsawg leeg thiab molecular ceeb thawj.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub sij hawm "isomerization" nyob rau hauv science yog tsis yog li ntawd ntev dhau los. Ob peb centuries dhau los, nws twb pom hais tias ib co ntawm cov tshuaj nrog tib tsis ntawm molecular yuag thiab tib txheej atoms txawv nyob rau hauv lawv lub zog.

Raws li ib qho piv txwv, grape thiab tartaric acid. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, thaum pib ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo pua ntawm zaum J. von Liebig thiab Friedrich Wohler sib tham ensued. Nyob rau hauv heev heev thwmsim, nws tau txiav txim hais tias muaj ob hom ntawm tshuaj nrog AgCNO mis - detonating tsianovokisloe thiab nyiaj, uas, txawm tib muaj pes tsawg leeg, muaj ntau zog. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1830, lub tswvyim twb qhia nyob rau hauv lub isomerization ntawm science.

Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, ua tsaug rau tus ua hauj lwm ntawm A. Butlerov thiab J. van't Hoff tau piav lub phenomenon ntawm spatial thiab structural isomers.

Isomerization - ib lub tshuaj tiv thaiv, thaum lub sij hawm uas muaj lub transformation ntawm cov yam ntxwv isomers ntawm txhua lwm yam. Raws li ib qho piv txwv peb yuav noj qhov teeb meem ntawm ib tug series ntawm alkanes. Lub Khoos Loos Tsev hom isomerism ntawm alkanes cia ib co tshuaj rau txia mus ua isoalkanes. Yog li, tsub kom nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam octane roj. Nws yog ib nqi hais tias xws li cov khoom yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam.

Hom isomerism yuav tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj.

Lub Khoos Loos Tsev isomers thiab nws cov variants

Cov yam ntxwv isomerism - ib tug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv uas lub isomers txawv nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj qauv. Muaj tau pom ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hom ntawm

1. Isomerism ntawm cov pa roj carbon lub cev pob txha. Xws li ib tug zoo yog raug rau ib tug carbon thiab yog txuam nrog ib tug txawv kev txiav txim ntawm bonds ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms.

2. Isomers nyob rau raws li txoj cai ntawm tej pab pawg neeg. Qhov no tshwm sim yog vim qhov sib txawv txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub functional ib pawg los yog tej pawg nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, 4-thiab 2-hlorbutanovuyu hlorbutanovuyu acid.

3. Isomers ntawm ntau yam bonds. Los ntawm txoj kev, ntawm no muaj xws li cov feem ntau hom isomerism ntawm alkenes. Lub isomers txawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub unsaturated daim ntawv cog lus.

4. Isomerism functional ib pawg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tag nrho cov ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog muab khaws cia tseg, tab sis lub zog thiab qhov xwm ntawm feem ntau functional pawg hloov lawm. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, dimethyl ether , thiab ethanol.

Spatial hom isomerism

Stereoisomers (qhov chaw) txuam nrog txawv txawv ntawm molecules ntawm tib cov qauv.

1. Tus kho qhov muag isomers (enantiomers). Qhov no daim ntawv yog kev cob cog rua nrog lub sib hloov ntawm lub functional pawg ib ncig ntawm lub asymmetric kev sib txuas lus. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau qhov substance muaj ib tug asymmetric carbon atom uas yog sib raug zoo mus rau plaub substituents. Yog li, ib tug kev sib hloov ntawm lub dav hlau ntawm polarization ntawm lub teeb. Qhov no ua thiaj li hu ua daim iav antipodes thiab isomers. Interestingly, lub yav tas yog yus muaj los ntawm ntau lub tib zog.

2. diastereomers. Qhov no lub sij hawm yog hais txog ib tug spatial isomerism, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas cov tshuaj yog tsis tsim antipodes.

Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias lub xub ntiag ntawm tau isomers yog feem ntau vim lub xov tooj ntawm cov pa roj carbon bonds. Lub ntev cov pa roj carbon lub cev pob txha, ntau dua qhov lub xov tooj ntawm isomers tej zaum yuav tsim.