Hauv configuration - cov paub tsis meej ntawm atomic qauv

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1910 Ernest Rutherford, muaj los ntawm kev xav, painfully ua kom to taub lub hauv qauv ntawm cov atom. Nws thwmsim dispersion ntawm alpha hais ntau haiv neeg tshuaj txaus ntseeg pov thawj - atom yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib yam, hitherto unexplored, loj heev lub cev. Nyob rau hauv 1912, Rutherford yuav hu nws ib tug atomic nucleus. Lub taub hau paub txog swarmed txhiab tus cov lus nug. Yuav ua li cas xwb muaj no tsis paub hais tias lub cev? Yuav ua li cas yog tus naj npawb ntawm electrons yuav tsum tau mus kom nws hnyav?

Nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1911, Rutherford, luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv lub qauv ntawm cov atom, uas cia siab tias yuav ib tug heev ib qho tseem ceeb caveat hais tias tus stability ntawm lub atomic qauv yog yuav nyob ntawm seb lub subtleties ntawm lub internal qauv ntawm cov atom thiab lub suab ntawm them hais, uas yog nws cov tseem ceeb ntxwv tivthaiv. Yog li yug lub electron configuration - nuclear electrons ntawm lub atomic qauv. Cov qauv no yog destined mus ua si ib invaluable luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nuclear physics.

Hauv configuration - yog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub tsev ntawm electrons rau atomic orbits. Tsaug rau lub inquisitive lub siab thiab kev rau siab Ernest Rutherford, uas muaj peev xwm mus tiv thaiv nws lub tswv yim, science tau enriched nrog cov tshiab kev paub, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm uas tsis tau overemphasized.

Cov hluav taws xob configuration ntawm ib tug atom yog. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub tag nrho cov qauv yog muab pov tseg ib tug tub ntxhais uas muaj ib tug txawv cov ntaub ntawv uas rau txhua tus nqi ntawm neutrons thiab protons. Thiab qhov no yog vim lub zoo them nyiaj ntawm cov keeb. Nyob ib ncig ntawm nws cov concentric orbits txav electrons - tsis zoo them elementary hais. Cov atomic orbits kuj hu ua tus neeg zoo li. Cov txheej orbit ntawm lub atom yog hu ua tus valence. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm electrons rau nws - valency.

Txhua hluav taws xob configuration ntawm lub ntsiab mas nws txawv tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons muaj nyob rau ntawd. Piv txwv li, ib tug heev yooj yim teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub ntug - hydrogen - muaj tsuas yog ib zaug xwb electron, oxygen atom, - yim thiab hluav taws xob configuration hlau muaj nees nkaum rau electrons.

Tab sis tseem ceeb heev rau cov tshuab hluav taws xob qauv ntawm lub atom tsis yog lub xov tooj ntawm electrons, thiab dab tsi ua rau lawv ua ke thiab ua rau system rau ua kom zoo - lub nucleus thiab nws muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws muab tshuaj yeeb dej caw cov tub ntxhais ib tug neeg zoo thiab cov yam ntxwv. Electrons tej zaum tawm atomic qauv, thiab ces atom acquires ib tug zoo xwb (vim lub nuclear xwb). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub substance tsis hloov nws cov khoom. Tiam sis yog tias koj tsis hloov cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub nucleus, nws yuav ib tug heev txawv teeb meem uas txawv qualities. Ua rau nws nyuaj, tab sis tseem ua tau.

Txij li thaum lub electron configuration yog tsis tau tsis tau nws cov ntsiab yam ntxwv caij - cov atomic nucleus, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog. Nws yog ib qhov central caij ntawm lub atomic qauv ntaub ntawv ib tug neeg zog thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm tej tshuaj. Protons, uas yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muab cov tub ntxhais ib tug zoo xwb 1840 lub sij hawm hnyav dua ib yam ntawm cov electron. Tab sis lub hwj chim ntawm lub proton them sib npaug zos rau ntawm ib yam ntawm cov electron. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm cov nqi koj tshuav ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm protons nyob rau hauv ib tug atom yog tus naj npawb ntawm electrons. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov tseem ceeb yog cov cab kuj ntawm lub voj xwb.

Lwm loj particle hu ua ib tug neutron ntawm lub atomic nucleus. Nws yog ib qhov keeb uas tsis muaj ib tug xwb, ua tau lub nuclear saw tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd rau overestimate tus nqi ntawm cov neutron tsuas yog tsis yooj yim sua.