Qauv atom. Lub zog ntawm ntau ntau lub atom. Protons, neutrons, electrons

Lub npe "atom" los ntawm Greek txhais tau tias "indivisible". Tag nrho cov nyob ib ncig ntawm peb - cov khib nyiab, dej thiab huab cua - yuav ua tau cov billions ntawm cov hais.

Cov tsos ntawm lub version ntawm lub atom

Ua ntej ntawm atoms nws tau los ua lub npe hu nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua V BC, thaum cov neeg Greek philosopher Democritus pom tias qhov teeb meem ntawd yog li ntawm me me hais tsiv. Tab sis, ces nws twb tsis tau mus xyuas tus version ntawm lawv lub neej. Thiab txawm hais tias tsis muaj ib tug yuav saib cov hais, lub tswv yim twb sib tham, vim hais tias tsuas yog txoj kev zaum yuav piav cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tiag. Yog li ntawd, lawv ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov ntawm micro-hais ntev ua ntej lub sij hawm twb tau los ua pov thawj no qhov tseeb.

Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub XIX caug xyoo. analyzed raws li lawv los ua qhov tsawg tshaj plaws constituent tshuaj ntsiab muaj kev zog atoms - muaj peev xwm koom nrog rau lwm cov tebchaw nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj qha xws npaum li cas. Thaum pib ntawm lub XX xyoo pua nws twb ntseeg tau tias atoms - qhov tsawg kawg nkaus hais ntawm qhov teeb meem, tseem tsis tau pov thawj hais tias lawv tseem muaj li ntawm txawm me me units.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib yam tshuaj caij?

Atom ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij - cov me tsev thaiv ntawm qhov teeb meem. Lub defining cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov microparticles ua tus molecular loj ntawm lub atom. Tsuas yog lub foundations ntawm cov periodic txoj cai ntawm Mendeleev tus tsim nyog hais tias lawv views yog ntau haiv neeg ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug khoom. Lawv yog cov me me tias lawv muaj peev xwm tsis tau pom siv cov pa rub kom pom loj, tsuas yog cov haib tshaj hluav taws xob. Kev sib piv, cov plaub hau ntawm ib tug txiv neej tes yog ib tug lab lub sij hawm loj.

Cov hluav taws xob qauv ntawm cov atom muaj ib tug nucleus muaj li ntawm protons thiab neutrons, thiab electrons, uas revolves nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv kev orbits li planets nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv cov hnub qub. Lawv tag nrho cov nyob ua ke los ntawm tus electromagnetic quab yuam, ib qho ntawm lub sab saum toj plaub nyob rau hauv lub ntug. Neutrons - ib tug nruab nrab xwb hais, muab tej txiaj ntsim nrog zoo protons thiab electrons - tsis zoo. Tsis ntev los no attracted rau lub zoo them protons, li ntawd, lawv yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv orbit.

Tus qauv ntawm ib tug atom

Nyob rau hauv lub central ib feem muaj ib tug tub ntxhais feem uas nyob qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tag nrho atom. Tab sis cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias yuav luag tag nrho loj (99.9%) nyob rau hauv nws. Txhua atom muaj protons, neutrons, electrons. Tus nab npawb ntawm revolving electrons nyob rau hauv nws yog sib npaug zos rau qhov zoo central xwb. Hais nrog tib them nyiaj Z nucleus tab sis txawv atomic loj A thiab tus naj npawb ntawm neutrons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus yog hu ua N isotopes thiab nyob rau tib lub A thiab txawv Z thiab N - isobars. Hauv - yam tsawg kawg nkaus particle tshuaj nrog ib tug tsis zoo hluav taws xob xwb e = 1.6 x 10-19 coulombs. Ion xwb txiav txim seb tus naj npawb ntawm cov poob los yog nkag mus rau hauv electrons. Txheej txheem metamorphosis nruab nrab atom nyob rau hauv ib tug them ion yog hu ua ionization.

Tus tshiab version ntawm tus qauv ntawm lub atom

Physicists muaj sab rau hnub tim ntau ntau lwm yam elementary hais. Cov hluav taws xob qauv ntawm cov atom muaj ib tug tshiab version.

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias lub protons thiab neutrons, tsis muaj teeb meem me me li cas lawv tej zaum yuav, yog ua los ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws hais, uas yog hu ua - quarks. Roos lawv ib tug tshiab qauv rau cov atom. Sai li sai tau raws li cov kws tshawb fawb sib sau ua ke pov thawj rau lub hav zoov ntawm cov yav tas los qauv, thiab tam sim no lawv tseem tabtom ua pov thawj rau hav zoov ntawm quarks.

RTM - lub neej yav tom ntej kev ntsuas

Niaj hnub nimno zaum yuav pom nyob rau hauv koj lub computer saib xyuas atomic hais ntawm qhov teeb meem, raws li tau zoo raws li mus lawv nyob thoob plaws lub nto siv ib tug tshwj xeeb lub cuab tam, uas yog hu ua ib tug PP tunneling tshuab kuaj kab mob (RTM).

инструмент с наконечником, который очень осторожно движется возле поверхности материала. Nws yog ib tug siv computer cuab tam nrog ib ntsis uas txav kom zoo zoo nyob ze rau qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom. Thaum cov kev sojntsuam yog mus, electrons txav los ntawm cov kis ntawm tus ntsis thiab qhov chaw. Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv uas zoo heev tus, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog sis tsis ncaj ntawm lub atomic theem. Lub computer ua rau cov card nto ntawm cov khoom, tsim ib cov duab ntawm nws hais, thiab zaum, yog li yuav saib tau lub zog ntawm cov atom.

tej hais

Tsis zoo them ions yog muab nyob ib ncig ntawm cov tub ntxhais ntawm ib tug txaus loj deb. Atomic qauv xws li hais tias nws yog tiag tiag ib tug nruab nrab thiab muaj tsis muaj hluav taws xob xwb vim hais tias tag nrho cov hais (protons, neutrons, electrons) yog nyob rau hauv tshuav nyiaj li cas.

Cov neeg atom - yog ib lub caij uas yuav muab tau yooj yim cleaved. Nws center muaj ntau protons thiab neutrons. Tsuas yog kev zam yog ib daim duab ntawm ib tug hydrogen atom, uas muaj ib tug tib proton. Lub keeb yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug huab ntawm electrons, nws yog lawv attraction yog tshwm sim los rau tig ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw. Protons tib nqi ua txhua lwm yam.

Qhov no yog tsis muaj teeb meem rau feem ntau me me, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau ntau. Tab sis ib co ntawm lawv yog cov tsis ruaj tsis khov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub loj loj, xws li uranium, uas muaj 92 protons. Tej zaum nws chaw yuav tsis tau withstand xws loads. Tej no, lawv yuav hu ua vim hais tias ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias emit ntau hais los ntawm nws keeb. Thaum freed los ntawm tsis ruaj tsis khov nucleus ntawm protons, lub seem roos ib tug tshiab subsidiary. Tej zaum nws yuav ruaj khov nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm protons nyob rau hauv lub tshiab ntsiav, thiab muaj peev xwm yuav muab faib ntxiv lawm. Qhov no txheej txheem ntxiv kom txog thaum tsis muaj ntau ruaj khov ntxhais nucleus.

Cov khoom ntawm atoms

Physico-tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub atom lawm sib txawv los ntawm ib tug caij mus rau lwm lub. Lawv yog txhais los ntawm cov hauv qab no yooj yim tsis.

Atomic loj. Txij li thaum lub yooj yim qhov chaw microparticles nyob protons thiab neutrons, ces tus sum ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm ua, uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv atomic loj units (amu) Formula: A = Z + N.

Lub atomic voos kheej-kheej. Lub voos kheej-kheej yog nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub caij nyob rau hauv lub periodic system ntawm cov tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus, tus nqi ntawm neighboring atoms thiab quantum txhua yam kev txiav txim. voos kheej-kheej ntawm lub nucleus yog ib puas txhiab lub sij hawm me me tshaj lub voos kheej-kheej ntawm lub caij. Qauv atom yuav tsis electrons thiab hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug zoo ion los yog ntxiv electrons thiab ua tsis zoo ions.

Nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj ntawm Mendeleev muaj tshuaj caij occupies nws muab qhov chaw. Rooj atom loj tsub kom thaum mus downwards, thiab txo thaum tsiv ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis. Tom qab los ntawm no, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws caij - yog Helium, thiab lub siab tshaj plaws - cesium.

Valence. Cov txheej electron plhaub ntawm ib tug atom yog hu ua tus valence band, thiab cov electrons nyob rau hauv nws hu ua feem - cov valence electrons. Lawv tus xov tooj qhia txog yuav ua li cas atom yog kev cob cog rua rau lwm ntawm tshuaj tsevneeg. Txoj kev mus rau tsim microparticles kawg los kom sau lawv cov txheej valence plhaub.

Lub ntiajteb txawj nqus attraction - yog lub dag zog yuam uas ua rau cov planets nyob rau hauv orbit, vim hais tias nws muab los ntawm ob txhais tes ntawm cov khoom ntog rau hauv pem teb. Tus txiv neej tsis pom lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, tab sis lub electromagnetic nyhuv yog ntau lub sij hawm ntau haib. Lub dag zog yuam uas attracts (los yog repels) lub them hais nyob rau hauv lub atom, 1000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 lub sij hawm ntau haib tshaj lub ntiajteb txawj nqus nyob rau hauv nws. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov tub ntxhais, muaj yog tseem muaj ib tug haib quab yuam peev xwm ntawm tuav protons thiab neutrons ua ke.

Lub tshua nyob hauv nuclei tsim zog nyob rau hauv ib tug nuclear reactor, qhov twg lub atoms yog cleaved. Lub cev ntas lub caij, lub ntau dua cov nqi ntawm cov hais ua nws cov atoms. Yog hais tias koj ntxiv txog cov tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov protons thiab neutrons nyob rau hauv lub caij, peb kawm tau ntawm nws qhov hnyav. Piv txwv li, uranium, lub heaviest caij uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj ib tug atomic luj ntawm 235 los yog 238.

Fission ntawm lub atom mus rau theem

Lub zog ntawm ntau ntau lub atom - yog tus nqi ntawm qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm cov tub ntxhais, qhov twg lub electron yog nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho muaj yog 7 orbitals coj mus rau tus xov tooj ntawm cov sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj. Qhov ntau tej thaj chaw deb qhov chaw ntawm lub electron los ntawm lub nucleus, qhov ntau tseem ceeb muaj zog nws tuas. Lub sij hawm, tus xov tooj qhia tus xov tooj ntawm atomic orbitals nyob ib ncig ntawm nws keeb. Piv txwv li, lub poov tshuaj - caij 4 lub sij hawm, ces nws muaj ib tug 4 atom zog. Number tshuaj caij sau raws nkaus Ii nws xwb thiab tus naj npawb ntawm electrons nyob ib ncig ntawm lub keeb.

Atom - lub zog qhov twg los

Tej zaum cov feem ntau nto moo scientific mis nrhiav tau los ntawm German physicist Einstein. Nws cav hais tias loj yog tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis ib daim ntawv ntawm lub zog. Raws li no ziag no, nws tseem tau tig teeb meem mus rau hauv lub zog, thiab xam los ntawm cov mis raws li nws yuav tau txais. Tus thawj cov tswv yim ntawm xws li hloov dua siab tshiab ua atomic bombs uas twb xub kuaj nyob rau hauv cov suab puam Los Alamos (TEB CHAWS USA), thiab ces detonated tshaj Japanese lub zos. Thiab txawm hais tias tsuas yog ib lub xya ntawm cov nplaum tawg hloov dua siab tshiab mus ua zog, puas hwj chim ntawm tus atomic foob pob yog phev heev.

Yuav kom cov tub ntxhais tso nws lub zog, nws yuav tsum tau muab rhuav pov tseg. Yuav kom phua nws, nws yog tsim nyog los ua rau sab nraum lub neutron. Ces tus nucleus decays rau hauv ob tug lwm, sib zog, muab ib tug lossis loj kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog. Lub cev qhuav dej ua rau qhov kev tso tawm ntawm lwm cov neutrons, thiab lawv tseem phua lwm nuclei. Cov txheej txheem yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib cov saw tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas ua nyob rau hauv txoj kev kom ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas ntawm lub zog.

Pros thiab cons ntawm kev siv ib tug nuclear cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm

Puas lub hwj chim, uas yog tso tawm nyob rau hauv lub transformation ntawm qhov teeb meem lawm, noob neej tau ua rau nyeg nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Nyob qhov twg lub nuclear cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw tsis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug tawg, tab sis raws li ib tug gradual tshav kub tsis tau.

Nuclear hwj chim nws muaj nws pros thiab cons. Raws li zaum, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muaj peb kev vam meej ib theem siab, koj yuav tsum tau siv no kuj zoo kawg qhov chaw ntawm lub zog. Tiam sis nco rau hauv siab lub fact tias txawm lub feem ntau niaj hnub loj hlob muaj peev xwm tsis tau lees tias tag nrho kev ruaj ntseg ntawm nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Tsis tas li ntawd tau nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov zog tej pov tseg nyob rau hauv kev cia zaum yuav cuam tshuam peb xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv rau kaum ntawm txhiab xyoo.

Tom qab lub Chernobyl kev huam yuaj ntau cov neeg yog cov ntau lawm ntawm nuclear zog yog heev txaus ntshai rau tib neeg. Lub tsuas muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tsob nroj ntawm no tsi yog lub hnub nrog nws lossis loj nuclear zog muaj peev xwm. Zaum no tsim ntau yam qauv ntawm solar roj teeb, thiab tau nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze yav tom ntej, tib neeg yuav tsum tau muab lawv tus kheej nrog kev ruaj ntseg nuclear zog.