Proton xwb - puag nqi elementary particle physics

Yog hais tias koj nyob nraum paub cov qauv ntawm cov atom, tej zaum koj paub hais tias ib tug atom ntawm tej lub caij muaj peb hom elementary hais: protons, electrons, neutrons. Protons ua ke nrog neutrons tsim lub nucleus ntawm ib tug tshuaj caij. Txij li thaum tus nqi ntawm cov proton yog zoo, lub nucleus yog yeej ib txwm zoo them. Cov hluav taws xob them nyiaj ntawm lub atomic nucleus compensated huab lwm tus lwm yam elementary hais. Cov tsis zoo them electron - qhov no yog qhov kev tivthaiv atoms uas stabilizes tus nqi ntawm ib tug proton. Nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam electrons puag ncig lub nucleus, lub caij tej zaum yuav yog electrically nruab nrab (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sib npaug zos xov tooj ntawm protons thiab electrons nyob rau hauv lub atom), los yog muaj ib tug zoo los yog tsis zoo xwb (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txaus los yog tshaj electrons, ntsig txog). caij atom kev coj tus kheej ib tug tej yam xwb, hu ua ion.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tau nco ntsoov hais tias nws yog tus naj npawb ntawm protons yog txiav txim los ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm cov ntsiab thiab lawv txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj nws. D. I. Mendeleeva. Muaj nyob rau hauv lub nucleus neutrons muaj tsis tau them nqi. Vim lub fact tias cov loj ntawm lub neutron thiab proton correlated thiab suab sib npaug zos rau txhua lwm yam, thiab qhov loj ntawm lub electron yog negligible piv rau lawv (nyob rau hauv 1836 lub sij hawm tsawg tshaj li qhov loj ntawm ib tug proton), tus xov tooj ntawm neutrons nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb muaj ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm, uas yog, txiav txim seb tus stability ntawm system thiab tus nqi ntawm lwj ntawm tej nuclei. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov neutron yog txiav txim los ntawm isotope (ntau) ntawm lub caij.

Txawm li cas los, vim rau qhov mismatch ntawm lub masses ntawm tus them hais, protons, thiab electrons muaj ntau cov kev them nyiaj (cov nqi no yog txiav txim los ntawm tus piv ntawm cov elementary hais xwb nws hnyav). Li ntawd, cov kev faib ua feem ntawm lub proton xwb yog 9.578756 (27) x 107 C / kg tiv thaiv -1.758820088 (39) 1011 · tus electron. Vim lub high kev them nyiaj tseem ceeb ntawm free protons yuav tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov kua tawm: lawv muab co.

Pawg thiab them nyiaj ntawm cov proton - ib lub magnitude, uas twb tau tsim kom muaj nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Leej twg ntawm tus zaum tau ua nws - ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj - lub qhib ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua? Nyob rau hauv 1913, Rutherford, raws li nyob rau hauv lub fact tias lub masses ntawm tag nrho cov paub tshuaj lub ntsiab yog ntau dua qhov loj ntawm ib tug hydrogen atom rau ib tug integer tooj ntawm lub sij hawm, pom tias tias lub nucleus ntawm lub hydrogen atom muaj nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm ib tug atom ntawm tej lub caij. Me ntsis tom qab Rutherford ua ib tug xyaum ua nyob rau hauv uas kawm sis raug zoo nrog nitrogen nuclei alpha hais. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov xyaum ua tej ntawm lub nucleus ntawm ib tug atom ya mus particle uas Rutherford hu ua "proton" (los ntawm Greek lo lus "protos" - ib tug thawj) thiab pom tias nws yog ib lub nucleus ntawm lub hydrogen atom. Cov assumption muaj lawm proven experimentally nyob rau hauv lub rov ntawm no scientific kev nyob rau hauv cov huab chamber.

Rutherford tib hypothesis ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm cov particle nyob rau hauv lub atomic nucleus tau ua nyob rau hauv 1920, uas yog sib npaug zos rau qhov loj ntawm lub proton, tab sis yog tus tsis muaj hluav taws xob xwb. Txawm li cas los, nws twb tsis tau mus ntes no particle rau Rutherford. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1932, nws tus menyuam kawm ntawv Chadwick experimentally muaj pov thawj lub hav zoov ntawm neutrons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus - hais raws li kwv yees Rutherford, kwv yees li sib npaug zos nyob rau hauv lub proton loj. Ntes neutrons yog yooj yim vim hais tias lawv muaj tsis muaj hluav taws xob xwb thiab, raws li, tsis tuaj mus rau hauv kev sis raug zoo nrog rau lwm cov nuclei. Tsis muaj them nqi yog piav los ntawm tus thaj chaw ntawm neutrons raws li ib tug heev tob tob hwj chim.

Protons thiab neutrons yog txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub atomic nucleus no muaj zog heev quab yuam. Tam sim no physics sib rau lub tswv yim hais tias cov ob yooj yim nuclear hais yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau txhua tus lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, lawv muaj tib lub rov qab, thiab nuclear rog ua rau lawv kiag li sib npaug. Qhov txawv tsuas - qhov zoo them nyiaj ntawm cov proton, neutron tib muaj tsis tau them nqi. Tab sis raws li cov hluav taws xob xwb nyob rau hauv nuclear kev sib tshuam muaj tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus, nws yuav tsuas yuav tau ua ib tug zoo ntawm proton daim ntawv lo. Yog hais tias, txawm li cas los, tsis pub ua lub proton hluav taws xob xwb, nws yuav poob nws tus kheej.