Erythrocyte: qauv, daim ntawv thiab muaj nuj nqi. Tus qauv ntawm tib neeg cov ntshav liab

Erythrocytes hu ua hemocyte, muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm hemoglobin vim thauj oxygen mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov pa roj carbon dioxide pa roj - mus rau lub ntsws. Qhov no yog ib tug yooj yim cell qauv, muaj ib tug tseem ceeb heev rau lub neej ntawm cov tsiaj thiab lwm yam tsiaj. Ib tug liab ntshav cell yog lub feem ntau hom ntawm tes ntawm lub cev: hais txog ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm tag nrho cov hlwb ntawm lub cev - nws yog cov ntshav liab.

General regularities ntawm cov hav zoov erythrocyte

Ib tug liab ntshav cell - cell tshwm sim los ntawm cov liab kab hematopoiesis. Lub hnub no hlwb ua txog 2.4 lab, lawv nkag mus hauv cov hlab ntsha thiab pib ua lawv zog. Thaum lub sij hawm lub thwmsim, nws yog txiav txim tias ib tug neeg laus cov ntshav liab, uas nws qauv yog ho yooj yim zog piv rau lwm yam hlwb nyob rau hauv lub cev, nyob 100-120 hnub.

Tag nrho vertebrates (nrog tsawg zam) los ntawm ua pa oxygen mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg yog nqa los ntawm erythrocyte hemoglobin. Muaj kev zam: tag nrho cov neeg ntawm tsev neeg ntawm "dawb-blooded" ntses muaj tsis muaj hemoglobin, txawm hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm ua ke nws. Txij li thaum lub kub ntawm lawv ib ncig cov pa yaj zoo nyob rau hauv cov dej thiab cov ntshav ntshav, ces nws ntau loj heev muaj uas yog erythrocytes, cov ntses tsis yuav tsum tau.

Liab cov ntshav ntawm chordates

Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug ntawm tes, raws li ib tug liab ntshav cell, ib tug txawv qauv nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawv ntawm chordates. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov ntses, noog, thiab amphibians zoo li lub morphology ntawm cov hlwb. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv loj xwb. Daim ntawv ntshav liab, lub volume, qhov luaj li cas thiab qhov uas tsis muaj tej yam organelles txawv los ntawm lwm yam mammalian hlwb, uas yog nyob rau lwm yam chordates. Muaj tseem muaj nws tus kheej qauv: cov ntshav liab tsiaj tsis muaj ruaj organelles thiab lub cell nucleus. Lawv yog cov me npaum li cas, tab sis muaj ib tug loj qhov chaw hu.

Xav tus qauv ntawm ib Qav thiab tib neeg erythrocytes, cov nta tau yuav qhia tau tam sim ntawd. Ob leeg hlwb muaj hemoglobin thiab muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov pa thauj. Tab sis tib neeg lub hlwb yog me me, lawv yog dawb thiab muaj ob tug concave chaw. Qav erythrocytes (raws li tau zoo raws li cov noog, ntses thiab amphibians, salamanders tsuas yog) kheej kheej, lawv muaj ib tug nucleus thiab cell organelles, uas yuav tsum tau tshuab txais yog tias tsim nyog.

Nyob rau hauv tib neeg cov ntshav liab, ib yam li ntshav liab ntawm ntau dua tsiaj, tsis muaj nuclei thiab organelles. Loj tshis erythrocytes - 3-4 microns, tib neeg - 6,2-8,2 m. Thaum amfiumy (caudate amphibian) cell loj ntawm 70 microns. Obviously, qhov luaj li cas yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Tib neeg cov ntshav liab ntawm tes, tab sis yog me me, tab sis muaj ib tug loj deg hauv cheeb tsam vim ob tug concave.

Lub me me luaj li cas ntawm lub hlwb thiab lawv cov loj xov tooj pub ib tug zoo kawg li nce nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm ntawm cov ntshav mus khi oxygen, uas yog tam sim no tsis vam khom lwm tej yam kev mob. Thiab cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm tib neeg cov ntshav liab yog ib qho tseem ceeb vim hais tias lawv tso cai rau koj mus xav tias xis nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam vaj tse. Nws yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm adaptation mus rau lub neej rau daim av, uas tau pib los tsim txawm nyob rau hauv amphibians thiab ntses (hmoov tsis, tsis tag nrho cov ntses nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov evolution tau mus nyob lub teb chaws), thiab mus txog rau hauv lub ncov ntawm txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv ntau dua cov tsiaj.

Tus qauv ntawm tib neeg cov ntshav liab

Tus qauv ntawm cov ntshav nyob rau hauv lub zog uas muab rau lawv. Nws yog piav los ntawm peb xaav:

1. Nta ntawm lwm cov qauv.
2. Tivthaiv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm erythrocyte.
3. Lub sab hauv morphology.

Externally, nyob rau hauv profile, nws zoo li erythrocyte biconcave disk thiab rau pem hauv ntej - zoo li ib tug round tawb. Inch qub 6,2-8,2 micron.

Feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab hlwb nrog me ntsis txawv nyob rau hauv loj. Thaum hlau tsis muaj peev xwm mus dhia txo kom tsawg thiab ntshav smear pom tau hais tias anisocytosis (ntau hlwb nrog ntau ntau thiab tsawg thiab txoj kab uas hla). Thaum folate tsis muaj peev xwm los yog vitamin B ₁₂ yog ntau zog rau megaloblasts erythrocyte. Nws loj yog hais txog 10-12 microns. Lub volume ntawm ib tug qub cell (normocytes) 76-110 cubic meters. um.

Tus qauv ntawm cov ntshav liab nyob rau hauv cov ntshav - yog tsis tus tsuas yog feature ntawm cov hlwb. Far tseem ceeb tshaj lawv tus xov tooj. Lub me me qhov ntev pub rau kom lawv muaj pes tsawg, thiab yog li ntawd, rau qhov chaw hu cheeb tsam. Pa kev ua si yog yuav los ntawm tib neeg cov ntshav liab, es lub Qav. Thiab nws yog feem ntau yooj yim muab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tus tib neeg erythrocytes.

Tus xov tooj yog tiag tiag ib qho tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv kev, ib tug neeg laus nyob rau hauv ib tug nyhav millimeter muaj 4.5-5.5 lab hlwb. Nyob rau hauv tshis txog 13 lab cov ntshav liab ib milliliter, thiab cov tsiaj reptiles - tsuas yog 0.5-1.6 lab ntses 0,09-0,13 lab ib milliliter. Ib tug me nyuam mos liab liab ntshav cell count yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 6 lab ib milliliter, thaum cov neeg laus - tsawg tshaj li 4 lab ib milliliter.

muaj nuj nqi ntawm erythrocytes

Ntshav liab - cov ntshav liab, tus nqi, qauv, kev siv thiab nta uas yog piav nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg beings. Lawv twb paub lawm ib co tseem ceeb heev functions:

• thauj oxygen mus rau cov nqaij;
• kis carbon dioxide los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau lub ntsws;
• khi co toxins (glycated hemoglobin);
• muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub cev cov lus teb (thiab tiv thaiv kab mob tau tus kab mob vim active oxygen hom muaj peev xwm ntawm dejnum cuam tshuam rau cov ntshav kab mob);
• yog tau tso ib co tshuaj;
• koom nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm hemostasis.

Mus xyuas ntawm xws li ib tug cell yog ib tug liab ntshav cell, nws cov qauv yog optimized ntau li ntau tau los siv rau saum toj no functions. Nws yog lub feem ntau sib thiab mobile, muaj ib tug loj qhov chaw hu rau roj diffusion thiab tshuaj haum nrog hemoglobin, thiab sai sai muab faib thiab nyob nyob rau hauv lub peripheral ntshav poob. Qhov no yog ib tug heev tshwj xeeb ntawm tes los hloov cov kev ua ntawm uas yog tseem tsis tau tau.

erythrocyte membrane

Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug ntawm tes, raws li ib tug liab ntshav cell, tus qauv yog yooj yim heev, nws yuav tsis siv rau nws daim nyias nyias. Nws yog 3-ply. Pawg feem ntawm daim nyias nyias yog 10% ntawm lub cell. Nws muaj 90% cov protein ntau thiab xwb 10% ntawm cov lipids. Qhov no ua rau cov ntshav liab yog tshwj xeeb hlwb nyob rau hauv lub cev, raws li nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov lwm yam membrane lipids yeej tshaj proteins.

Khoom Form erythrocytes vim fluidity ntawm lub cytoplasmic membrane yuav txawv. Sab nraum ntawm daim nyias nyias yog ib tug txheej ntawm nto cov nqaijrog muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm carbohydrate residues. Qhov no glycopeptides, nyob rau hauv uas yog nyob rau hauv lub lipid bilayer, hydrophobic xaus txojkev inwardly thiab outwardly ntawm lub erythrocyte. Nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias, lub puab nto txheej yog dua cov nqaijrog tsis carbohydrate residues.

Erythrocyte receptor ceg

Cov nuj nqi ntawm daim nyias nyias yog los xyuas kom meej qhov deformability ntawm cov ntshav liab ntawm tes, uas yog tsim nyog rau lub capillary zaj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov qauv ntawm cov tib neeg cov ntshav liab qhia ntxiv tuition - cell sis thiab electrolytic tam sim no. Cov nqaijrog nrog carbohydrate residues - ib tug receptor molecule los ntawm cov uas ntshav liab yog tsis nyob rau hauv lub "hunted" CD8-leukocytes thiab macrophages ntawm lub cev.

Liab cov ntshav los ntawm receptors ua ib ke thiab yeej tsis lawm ntawm lawv tus kheej muaj zog. Thiab thaum lub txiaj ntsim ntawm ntau laub los ntawm cov hlab ntsha los yog vim cov neeg kho tshuab kev puas tsuaj erythrocytes poob ib co receptors, macrophages Po "muab" los ntawm lawv cov hlab ntsha thiab ua kom puas.

Lub sab hauv qauv ntawm cov erythrocyte

Yuav ua li cas yog cov liab ntshav cell? Nws qauv yog tsis tsawg paj tshaj muaj nuj nqi. Qhov no cell zoo li ib lub hnab nrog hemoglobin, membrane-ciaj, nyob rau hauv uas receptors expressed: pawg ntau yam zoo thiab ntau yam ntawm cov ntshav ib pawg (Landsteiner, v, Duffy thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam). Tab sis hauv lub cell yog tshwj xeeb thiab sib txawv heev los ntawm lwm lub hlwb nyob rau hauv lub cev.

Lub sib txawv yog raws li nram no: cov ntshav liab nyob rau hauv cov poj niam thiab cov txiv neej tsis muaj cov tub ntxhais, lawv tsis muaj ribosomes thiab endoplasmic reticulum. Tag nrho cov organelles raug muab tshem tawm tom qab sau lub cytoplasm ntawm lub cell hemoglobin. Ces organelles pom yuav ruaj, vim hais tias rau thawb los ntawm cov hlab ntsha uas yuav tsum tau ntawm tes nrog yam tsawg kawg nkaus qhov ntev. Vim hais tias nws muaj xwb hauv hemoglobin thiab ob peb koom haum pab proteins. Lawv lub luag hauj lwm yog tseem tsis tau tseeb. Tab sis vim yog tsis muaj endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes thiab nuclei nws tau los ua lub teeb thiab compact, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj, yuav muab tau yooj yim deformed nrog lub kua membrane. Thiab cov no yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov ntshav liab.

Erythrocyte lifecycle

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog cov ntshav liab nyob rau hauv lawv luv luv neej. Lawv yuav tsis sib faib thiab ua ke lub protein vim qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm lub nucleus hlwb thiab vim hais tias cov yam ntxwv kev puas tsuaj rau lawv lub hlwb noog. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov ntshav liab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov laus. Txawm li cas los, cov qe ntshav liab uas yog yuav los ntawm lub macrophages ntawm tus po thaum lub sij hawm erythrocyte tuag yuav nco ntsoov muab xa mus rau tsim ntawm tshiab oxygen muaj.

Lub neej voj voog ntawm ib tug liab ntshav cell pib nyob rau hauv lub hlwb pob txha. Qhov no hloov khoom nruab nrog yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub phaj cov ntaub ntawv uas: nyob rau hauv lub kaus siab, nyob rau hauv lub tis ntawm cov ilium pob txha ntawm lub pob txha taub hau los luj thiab nyob rau hauv cov kab noj hniav ntawm cov femur. Muaj tsim thawj code ntawm myelopoietic ntshav qia hlwb nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cytokines (CFU-GEMM). Nws ces faib hematopoietic muab txwv zeej txwv koob, xws nrog lub code (BFU-E). Los ntawm nws tsim tus thawj ntawm kev erythropoiesis, uas yog qhia los ntawm ib tug code (CFU-E).

Cov tib hlwb hu ua colony-txoj kev hlwb ntawm cov ntshav liab kab. Nws yog rhiab rau erythropoietin - ib yam khoom uas hormonal xwm, tas los ntawm ob lub raum. Ua tus nqi ntawm cov erythropoietin (nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm zoo tswv yim nyob rau hauv haumxeeb systems) accelerates faib thiab zus tau tej cov erythrocytes.

tsim cov ntshav liab

Cov kab sab ntawm transformations ntawm pob txha tsim muaj cell CFU-E yog tias: nws yog tsim los ntawm erythroblast, thiab los ntawm nws - pronormotsit muab sawv basophilic normoblast. Raws li protein cia hnab khib nws yuav polychromatic normoblasts, normoblasts thiab ces oxyphilic. Tom qab tshem tawm ntawm lub nucleus nws yuav reticulocytes. Xeem nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha thiab yog txawv (matured) mus rau ib tug qub ntshav liab ntawm tes.

kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov ntshav liab

Kwv yees li 100-125 hnub ntawm cell circulating nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, lossi xa cov pa oxygen thiab tshem tawm cov khoom ntawm metabolism ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Nws thauj bound rau hemoglobin carbon dioxide thiab xa nws rov qab mus rau lub ntsws, ib txhij sau lawv protein molecules ntawm oxygen. Thiab mus raws li ntawm kev raug mob thiab poob rau hauv lub molecule phosphatidylserine receptor molecules. Vim li no, lub erythrocyte ntog "nyob rau hauv lub Scope" ntawm qhov macrophage thiab rhuav tshem lawv. Ib tug heme derived ntawm hemoglobin nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nqis dua kev coj kom lub synthesis ntawm cov tshiab erythrocytes.