Yuav ua li cas yog lub cytoplasm ntawm lub hlwb. Nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov cytoplasm

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias feem ntau nyob beings yog muaj li ntawm dej dawb los sis ua daim ntawv no yog 70 feem pua los yog ntau tshaj. Qhov twg yog nws yuav siv sij hawm ntau npaum li ntawd nyob qhov twg nws yog laus? Nws puv, txhua ntawm tes rau hauv nws cov qauv muaj txog li 80% dej, thiab tsuas yog cov uas seem tshuav yog lub qhuav teeb meem.

Thiab lub ntsiab "dej" qauv yog cia li cytoplasm ntawm lub cell. Qhov no yog ib tug complex, ua kev, dynamic nrog ib puag ncig, nrog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv thiab cov kev khiav dej num ua los ntawm cov uas peb ntsib nyob rau hauv.

protoplast

Qhov no lub sij hawm rau denote tag nrho cov puab txheem ntawm tej eukaryotic feeb qauv, sib cais los ntawm cov ntshav membrane ntawm nws lwm "lug txhawb cov miv". Hais tias yog, no nkag mus rau hauv cytoplasm - lub internal ib puag ncig ntawm lub hlwb, organelles, nws nyob, nucleus nrog nucleoli, thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom.

Yuav ua li cas organelles nyob tsis pub dhau lub cytoplasm? Lawv yog:

• ribosomes;
• mitochondria;
• EPS;
• Golgi apparatus;
• lysosomes;
• cell switching ;
• vacuoles (nroj tsuag thiab fungi);
• cell center;
• plastids (nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag);
• cilia thiab flagella;
• microfilaments;
• microtubules.

Ntsiav cais karyotheca, nrog nucleoli thiab DNA molecules tseem muaj hlwb cytoplasm. Nyob rau hauv lub center ntawm nws nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, ntawm cov phab ntsa - nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag.

Yog li, cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cytoplasm ntawm cov qauv yuav nyob ntawm seb lom zem ntau lub hom cell los ntawm tus kab mob nws tus kheej, nws belongs rau lub realm ntawm nyob quavntsej. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yuav siv sij hawm tag nrho cov muaj qhov chaw sab hauv thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb functions.

Matrix los yog hyaloplasm

Tus qauv ntawm lub cell cytoplasm yog li feem ntau ntawm nws cov kev faib mus rau hauv ob qhov chaw:

• hyaloplasm - qhov kua ib feem;
• organelles;
• menyuamuas - nce mus nce los qauv.

Matrix los yog hyaloplasm - yog qhov tseem ceeb feem ntawm lub sab hauv, uas yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv ob lub xeev - tshauv thiab gel.

Cytosol - xws cytoplasm ntawm ib tug cell uas muaj ib tug kua sau ua ib pawg ua cim. Tsitogel - tib yam, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau ntom, nplua nuj nyob rau hauv loj molecules ntawm cov organic tshuaj, mob. Zuag qhia tag nrho cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lub zog hyaloplasm qhia raws li nram no:

• tsis muaj kob, khov colloidal khoom, txaus tuab thiab slimy;
• muaj ib tug meej ntau yam zoo ntawm lub yam ntxwv lub koom haum, txawm li cas los, vim rau muaj tau yooj yim hloov nws;
• cytoskeleton hauv sawv cev microtrabecular los yog grating uas yog tsim vim protein filaments (microfilaments thiab microtubules);
• nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub ntxaij ntoo thiab nyob tag nrho cov yam ntxwv qhov chaw ntawm lub cell raws li ib tug tag nrho, thiab vim microtubule Golgi apparatus thiab XPS therebetween los ntawm hyaloplasm lus tshwm sim.

Yog li, hyaloplasm - ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem, uas muaj ntau yam kev khiav dej num nyob rau hauv lub cell cytoplasm.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub cytoplasm

Yog hais tias peb tham txog tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, lub kev faib ua feem ntawm cov dej nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm tso nyiaj rau txog 70%. Qhov no qhov nruab nrab nqi, vim hais tias ib co nroj tsuag muaj hlwb nyob rau hauv uas mus txog rau 90-95% ntawm cov dej. Lub qhuav tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog:

• proteins;
• carbohydrates;
• phospholipids;
• cov roj cholesterol thiab lwm yam nitrogen-muaj organic tebchaw;
• electrolytes (minerals);
• inclusions nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov mob ntawm glycogen (nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb) thiab lwm yam.

Zuag qhia tag nrho cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib puag ncig - alkaline los yog weakly alkaline. Yog hais tias peb xav txog raws li yog lub cell cytoplasm, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg no feature. Part tuaj txoos ua ke rau ntawm ntug, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm ntshav membrane, hu ua ectoplasm. Lwm tus ib feem yog teem los ze zog mus karyotheca, bears lub npe ntawm endoplasmic.

Tus qauv ntawm lub cell cytoplasm yog txiav txim los ntawm tshwj xeeb lug - microtubules thiab microfilaments, li ntawd, lawv coj ib los ze zog saib.

microtubules

Hollow me me elongated hais txog li ob peb lub micrometers. Inch - los ntawm 6 mus rau 25 nm. Vim hais tias ntawm heev meager kev kawm kom tiav thiab succinct txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov lug yog tseem tsis tau ua tau, txawm li cas los, hais tias lawv cov phab ntsa yog tsim los ntawm cov protein tubulin agents. Qhov no compound muaj ib tug helically cov chained molecule.

Ib txhia zog nyob rau hauv lub cell cytoplasm yog ua tsaug rau lub xub ntiag ntawm microtubules. Piv txwv li, lawv koom nyob rau hauv txoj kev ua lub cell phab ntsa ntawm fungi thiab cov nroj tsuag, ib txhia kab mob. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb, lawv yog me npaum li cas. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lug yog nqa tawm zog ntawm organelles nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm.

By lawv tus kheej, microtubules yog tsis ruaj tsis khov, yuav sai tawg ua me me thiab re-daim ntawv, muab kho los ntawm lub sij hawm rau lub sij hawm.

microfilaments

Txaus tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Yog ntev filaments ntawm actin (globular protein), uas yog intertwined nrog txhua lwm yam, tsim ib qho network - cytoskeleton. Lwm lub npe - microtrabecular grille. Qhov no zoo ntawm cov qauv nta ntawm lub cytoplasm. Tseeb, ua tsaug rau xws cytoskeleton tuas ua ke tag nrho cov organelles, lawv tau yooj yim sib txuas lus nrog rau ib leeg, lawv kis tau los muaj teeb meem thiab molecules yog nqa tawm metabolism.

Txawm li cas los nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub cytoplasm - nrog cell ib puag ncig, uas yog feem ntau muaj peev xwm mus hloov lawv lub cev cov ntaub ntawv ua ntau kua los yog khov, qauv kev hloov (hloov los ntawm ib tug huab rau gel thiab vice versa). Nyob rau hauv no kev twb kev txuas microfilaments - dynamic, labile moiety muaj peev xwm ntawm sai sai rebuilt, hloov, tawg ua me me thiab rov-daim ntawv.

ntshav week

Tseem ceeb rau lub hlwb yog muaj cov zoo-tsim thiab zoo-ua tau hauj lwm ntawm ntau membrane lug, uas kuj yog ib yam ntawm cov qauv nta ntawm lub cytoplasm. Nws yog los ntawm cov ntshav membrane barrier thauj ntawm molecules tshwm sim, as-ham thiab metabolic khoom, roj rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua pa, thiab hais txog. Uas yog vim li cas feem ntau ntawm cov organelles muaj ib tug qauv.

Lawv, xws li lub network, nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm thiab delimit lub puab txheem ntawm tus tswv ntawm txhua lwm yam, los ntawm cov ib puag ncig. Tiv thaiv kom txhob thiab tiv thaiv pliaj yam thiab cov kab mob uas ua rau ib tug kev hem thawj.

Tus qauv ntawm feem ntau ntawm lawv yog zoo li - ib tug ua kua-mosaic qauv, xav txog plasmalemma raws li ib tug biosloy lipids permeated txawv protein molecules.

Txij li thaum lub zog ntawm lub cytoplasm nyob rau hauv lub cell - nws yog feem ntau cov thauj kev twb kev txuas ntawm tag nrho nws qhov chaw, lub xub ntiag ntawm lub daim nyias nyias ntawm organelles nyob rau hauv feem ntau yog ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv xeem hyaloplasm. Complex, tag nrho ua ke, lawv ua tau cov kev pab raws qib los xyuas kom meej cell nqi.

ribosomes

Lub me me (20 nm) kheej kheej lug li ntawm ob halves - subunit. Cov halves yuav nyob ua ib ke ua ke los yog kaw nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm twg. Base muaj pes tsawg leeg: rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) thiab proteins. Main ribosome localization nyob rau hauv lub cell:

• nucleus thiab nucleolus, qhov twg subunits lawv tus kheej yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub DNA molecule;
• cytoplasm - lub ribosomes yog thaum kawg tsim rau hauv ib cov qauv uniting lub halves;
• membrane nucleus thiab endoplasmic reticulum - lawv ribosomal protein tsim thiab ncaj qha mus xa nws hauv organelles;
• mitochondria thiab chloroplasts ntawm cog hlwb lawv tus kheej coj los ua ke ribosome nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab yuav ua cov nqaijrog, uas yog, nyob rau hauv no hwm nyob ntawm nws tus kheej.

Lub zog ntawm cov lug yog nyob rau hauv lub synthesis thiab los ua ke ntawm protein macromolecules uas siv rau tseem ceeb heev functions ntawm lub hlwb.

Endoplasmic reticulum thiab cov Golgi apparatus

Ib tug loj network ntawm tubules, tubules thiab cov hlwv txoj kev ua rau kev system nyob rau hauv lub cell thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntim ntawm lub cytoplasm yog hu ua tus endoplasmic reticulum, los yog reticulum. Nws muaj nuj nqi raws li cov qauv ntawm cov - kev muab ib qho interconnection ntawm organelles thiab as thauj molecules rau organelles.

Golgi apparatus, los yog ntaus ntawv, ua cov kev ua ntawm accumulating qhov yuav tsum tau tshuaj (carbohydrates, cov rog, cov nqaijrog) nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb kab noj hniav system. Lawv yog muaj kev txwv los ntawm cytoplasmic week. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib lub organelle yog lub site ntawm synthesis ntawm cov nqaijrog thiab carbohydrates.

Peroxisomes thiab lysosomes

Lysosomes - me me kheej kheej lug li npuas uas muaj cov kua. Lawv yog cov heev heev heev thiab yog faib nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm, qhov twg hlwb tsiv mus nyob rau hauv dawb do. Lawv lub ntsiab hauj lwm - lub xaus ntawm txawv teb chaws li hais, hais tias yog, tshem tawm ntawm "tsiaj" nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tuag qhov chaw ntawm cellular lug, cov kab mob, thiab lwm yam molecules.

Cov kua txheem ntawm lub enzyme saturation, yog vim li cas lysosomes yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub cleavage ntawm macromolecules rau lawv monomeric units.

Peroxisomes - me me oval los yog puag ncig organelles nrog ib tug hluas membrane. Sau nrog kua txheem, muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau enzymes. Lawv yog ib tug ntawm cov loj cov kev pab ntawm cov pa. Nws muaj nuj nqi yog ua nyob rau hauv lub cell yam nyob rau hauv uas muaj. Ua tau rau lub synthesis ntawm myelin sheath ntawm paj fibers, thiab tej zaum yuav kuj ua oxidation thiab neutralization ntawm tej yam tshuaj lom thiab ntau molecules.

mitochondria

Cov lug ua tsis yog rau ib yam dab tsi hu ua lub hwj chim (zog) ntawm tus xovtooj ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lawv lub ntsiab lub zog - molecules ntawm adenosine triphosphate los yog ATP. Tsos li taum. Lub membrane bounding lub mitochondria los ntawm lub cytoplasm, muab ob npaug rau. Internal qauv xav pleated ua rau kom cov nto ATP synthesis. Folds yog hu ua tus crista muaj loj nyiaj ntawm cov sib txawv enzymes rau catalyze lub synthesis.

Feem ntau cov mitochondria muaj mob hlwb nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg, txij li thaum lawv yuav tsum tau siab txij nkawm thiab lub zog tau.

phenomenon cyclosis

Zog ntawm cytoplasm nyob rau hauv ib lub cell yog hu ua cyclosis. Nws yog li ntawm ob peb hom:

• oscillatory;
• teb los yog yeej;
• struychatoe.

Tej zog yog tsim nyog los muab ib tug xov tooj ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb functions ntawm lub cytoplasm: tag nrho lub zog ntawm organelles hauv hyaloplasm, niaj hnub pauv as-ham, gases, zog metabolites feem.

Cyclosis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj hlwb, uas tsis muaj kev zam. Yog hais tias nws tsis tau lawm, lub cev tuag. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev no - nws tseem yog ib qho taw qhia ntawm cov creatures nyob.

Yog li, peb yuav xaus uas lub cytoplasm ntawm cov tsiaj hlwb, cog, tej eukaryotic - heev dynamic, nyob qauv.

Tsis zoo li cov cytoplasm ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cog hlwb

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ib tug me ntsis txawv. Zuag qhia tag nrho cov qauv ntawm lub hom phiaj, lub zog ua kiag li zoo sib xws. Txawm li cas los, ib co sib txawv yeej tseem muaj. Piv txwv li:

• Lub cytoplasm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cell muaj ntau microtubules, uas yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lawv tes phab ntsa tshaj microfilaments. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, on qhov tsis tooj.
• Cellular inclusions nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog cov hmoov txhuv nplej nplej, nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj raws li nws dauv glycogen.
• Cov nroj tsuag cell yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm organelles uas tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj. Nws plastids, vacuole thiab cell phab ntsa.

Nyob rau hauv lwm yam respects, ob lug yog zoo tib yam nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv ntawm cov cytoplasm. Yuav txawv tus nqi ntawm ib tug los yog lwm lub caij mus, tab sis lawv muaj yog tsim nyog. Yog li ntawd, tus nqi nyob rau hauv cell cytoplasm ob nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu yog Attendance loj.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub cytoplasm mus rau hauv lub cell

Tus nqi ntawm lub cytoplasm nyob rau hauv ib lub cell yog zoo, tsis txhob hais tias nws txhais. Tom qab lub hauv paus, uas yog qhov chaw uas tag nrho cov tseem ceeb heev lug, yog li ntawd rau overestimate nws lub luag hauj lwm yog ib qhov nyuaj. Nws yog ua tau rau formulate ib tug ob peb yooj yim cov ntsiab lus uas qhia tus nqi.

1. Tias nws theem ua ke tag nrho lub Cheebtsam ntawm lub hlwb nyob rau hauv ib ke system uas ua cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej sib haum xeeb thiab collectively.
2. Vim ib feem ntawm cov dej nyob rau hauv lub cell cytoplasm nruab nrab ua zog rau ntau txoj kev sib tshuam biochemical thiab physiological transformations tshuaj (glycolysis, khoom noj khoom haus, nkev pauv).
3. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab "thawv" rau lub hav zoov ntawm cov cell organelles.
4. Vim microfilaments thiab hlab ntaub ntawv lub cytoskeleton, organelles losis tswvyim dabtsi thiab uas lawv yuav tsiv mus nyob ib ncig ntawm.
5. Nws yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm lom catalysts - enzymes, tsis muaj uas tsis muaj biochemical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Yuav kom saib lub ntsab lug, koj yuav tsum hais cov nram qab no. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub cytoplasm mus rau hauv lub cell yog suab ib qhov tseem ceeb, vim hais tias nws yog - lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov kev ntawm lub neej ib puag ncig thiab lub substrate rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.