Cov ntaub ntawv Nucleotides

Cov DNA molecule thiab uas ntsiag to noob

Tag nrho cov nyob ntiaj teb no yog ua los ntawm lub hlwb. Tsiaj txhu, ntses, noog, nroj tsuag, fungi, microbes, tag nrho cov neeg lawv tus kheej yog muaj li ntawm hlwb. Sab nraum lub cell muaj yog tsis muaj lub neej. Lub hlwb ntawm tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob yog zoo li nyob rau hauv cov qauv, tshuaj nyob tus yeees, metabolism, tag nrho cov hlwb multiply los mus faib. Qhov no yog ib tug heev qauv, yuav luag tag nrho complex, uas 1 thib ob yog kaum ntawm txhiab ntawm cov lus teb. Tu siab, peb tsis muaj peev xwm tswj tau tus kheej ntawm peb tug neeg lub hlwb. Ntawm no lawv txaus siab rau kev tiv thaiv, uas peb cia li pib mus yuav kov yeej. Tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv koj lub neej coj los vim li cas, thiab lub hlwb los ntawm uas nws yog nyob ntawm lawv tus kheej cov kev cai, uas yeej tsis coincide nrog peb tej kev xav. Tab sis nws yog heev tau hais tias nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze yav tom ntej peb yuav muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav tau ib tug ntau hom lus nrog lawv thiab pom zoo txog ib yam dab tsi tseem ceeb rau peb thiab rau lawv.

Nyob rau hauv lub center ntawm cov tub ntxhais hlwb pov tseg tsis pub dhau uas yog cov mus rau hauv ib tug muab ob npaug rau helix Watson-Crick cim nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab cov kev ua ntawm cov DNA molecule. Tag nrho cov DNA molecule yog muab faib mus rau hauv me me feem hu ua noob. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntawm heritable sijhawm uas txiav txim rau peb tsos, yog txivneej los pojniam, kev txawj ntse muaj peev xwm, lub neej expectancy thiab, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm uas, muab peb ib tug ntau yam ntawm txhob txiav txim txawv txav, xws li Oncology cim.

DNA molecules yog tightly tau ntim rau hauv lub protein lub hnab ntawv thiab daim ntawv conglomerates hu ua chromosomes. Nyob rau hauv Somatic hlwb ntawm ib tug neeg, uas yog, nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm nws lub cev, yog ib tug diploid, los yog ob txheej ntawm chromosomes. Lawv yog cov 46 daim, los yog 23 officers. Txhua khub muaj kiag li zoo tib yam set ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Thaum ib tug cell faib officers ntawm chromosomes cais, thiab txhua tus cell tau txais ib tug ua tiav set ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Tom qab lub diploid tooj ntawm chromosomes yog rov qab los. Cov tib neeg kab hlwb muaj 23 chromosomes, tab sis nyob rau fertilization, thaum cov phev thiab qe fuse, ib tug muab ob npaug rau txheej chromosomes yog rov qab los. Yog li muaj ib tug sib tov ntawm txiv neej thiab poj niam cov ntaub ntawv, ua rau cov me nyuam hauv plab tau txais lub cim thiab niam thiab txiv.

Lub totality ntawm tag nrho cov noob muaj nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm chromosomes ntawm kab hlwb, hu ua tib neeg genome. Lub tiav tib neeg genome muaj txog 80 txhiab noob. Cov DNA molecule yog ua, tej zaum tsis yog li yooj yim raws li nws yog tseem cia nrog. Nws yog sawv cev los ntawm ob ntev threads. Lub filaments yog ua los ntawm nucleotides. Nucleotides - ib tug tshuaj compound muaj peb yam: ib tug nitrogenous puag, carbohydrate deoxyribose thiab phosphoric acid. Tsis tas yuav mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, peb yuav hais tias cov DNA ntawm tag nrho cov organic ntiaj teb no tsim tsuas yog plaub hom nucleotides. Nws yog plaub tug tsiaj, plaub cim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm lub neej: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) thiab cytosine (C). Lawv muaj kev cob cog rau txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv lub polymer saw ntawm pua pua txhiab tus nanometers, ntau tshaj 3 meters ntev. Qhov no ntev ntawm xov los host qhov ntau tshaj 3 billion. Nucleotides nyob rau hauv ib tug ib theem zuj zus hais tias, thiab tag nrho cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv kho. Cov ob strands sib thooj, los ntawm hydrogen bonds thiab spirally qhwv nyob ib ncig ntawm ib leeg mus ua ib lub tuab qauv nyob rau hauv uas thiaj li muaj ntau secrets khaws cia. Lub zaum ntsib qhov teeb meem mus qhia cov secrets los txiav suab ntawm cov tib neeg genome, piv txwv li, qhia tag nrho cov noob thiab txiav txim seb lawv cov nqi. Cov hauj lwm ciali inevitable thiab ceev, thiab qhov kev siv ntawm qhov kev tsim "Tib neeg Genome" pib nyob rau hauv 1990.

Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub yooj yim ua hauj lwm tau deciphered lub genomes ntawm ntau tshaj 800 nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj hom, xws li lub causative ua hauj lawm ntawm ntau teeb meem kab mob: tuberculosis, typhus, plab ulcers, thiab lwm tus neeg. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau pharmacology. ib tug tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tshuaj tshiab rau tshwj kom txhob raws roj ntsha kab mob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau tsim los tiv thaiv cov causative ua hauj lawm ntawm tus kab mob no yog tsim. Cov tshuaj yog zoo tshaj dua li yav tas los muaj, vim lawv muaj ib tug selectivity ntawm kev txiav txim thiab taw qhia kom paub rau noob thiab protein lub hom phaj. Haib zoo momentum tau nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm molecular tshuaj ntsuam genetic kab mob mob thiab txoj kev kho, thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic engineering peb tau pom exceptional cov txheej xwm, cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas yog tej zaum lub cloning. Cloning yuav khaws cia thiab muab qhov ci ntsa iab discoveries ntawm qhov, thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm tus txiv neej.

Zoo kawg zeem muag qhib los ntawm breeders. Tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm noob caj noob ces , transgenic nroj tsuag yog tso cai rau dramatically nce lub tsim tau ntawm cov qoob loo, tshem tawm tsis losses los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab kab, thiab transgenic tsiaj ntaus peb lub tswv yim nrog nws tsim tau, tus kab mob tsis kam, fertility.

Criminologists kuj muaj nyob rau ntawm lawv pov tseg technology uas guarantees tsis muaj kev cia siab nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm kev qhia kom paub los ntawm heev me me qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom: .. Ib tug nco qaub ncaug, hais ntawm plaub hau, dandruff, thiab lwm yam Txhiab ntawm innocent neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj tau tsis txhaum, tab sis qhov tiag criminals tau Nations lawv rau txim rau lub hauv paus ntawm noob tsom xam. Muaj yog ib tug txhim khu kev qha mechanism los mus txiav txim tias yog leej txiv, maternity thiab kev sib raug zoo nyob rau cov teeb meem ntawm qub txeeg qub teg ntawm vaj tse, sawv los ntawm tus xyaum ntawm txoj cai lij choj.

Tau txais ib qho kev npaj txhij txog thiab nws tau hais tias yuav tsum tau loj txhais lus. Piv txwv li, cov qhabnias ntawm muab piv rau cov tib neeg genome nrog lub genome ntawm peb cov phooj txheeb ze, cov liab tsom yuav luag tiav leejtwg txhiab tus tsis. Xyaum lawv tsuas yog me ntsis ntau tshaj li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg los ntawm txawv haiv neeg tej pawg neeg. Tus txiv neej muab tau npaum li cas los ze zog rau tej tsiaj tshaj nws twb tau mus xav txog tej yam. Xws li ib tug high degree ntawm kev sib raug zoo tau txais stumped soj ntsuam thiab yuav tsum tau kom lawv txoj kev le caag thiab cov kev daws. Tej zaum yuav muaj ib co kev kho me ntsis los ua kom lub hom phiaj ntawm evolution nyob teeb meem.

Noob caj noob ces, xws li lub taub hau ntawm lub project "Tib neeg Genome> F. Collins, inspired los ntawm txoj kev vam meej, formulated ob peb grandiose hau kev rau cov nyob ze yav tom ntej. Txij li thaum 2020 lub lag luam yuav tsum tau saib ib tug kho rau mob ntshav qab zib, kub siab, mob cancer thiab mob hlwb tsim los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic engineering, uas tso cai rau precisely ua hauj lwm rau lub puas hlwb. Noob txoj kev kho rau tus kab-line hlwb kom tsis txhob raws roj ntsha cov kab mob. By 2040, nws yuav tau nyob archived ib tug neeg tib neeg genome, thiab siv cataloging noob muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov laus txheej txheem. Qhov no yuav ua rau kom qhov nruab nrab lub neej expectancy ntawm ib tug neeg mus rau 120 xyoo, thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej muab nws ntau yam kev tsis txawj tuag. Thaum kawg, cov neeg yuav tsum tau los tswj lawv tus kheej evolution. Cov projections tag nrho cov zoo li zoo heev, tab sis nws yuav noj xyoo, tej zaum tsawg, dua li cov neeg uas tus neeg tshawb fawb hais tias, tag nrho nws ua ib tug kev muaj tiag, thiab peb yuav tsum lwm tus neeg.

Txawm li cas los, txawm hnub no lub DNA molecule tuas ntau ntau secrets thiab mysteries. Khoos phib tawj tsom xam los ntawm cov tsiaj genome pub peb mus txiav txim qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm seem ntawm DNA molecules uas ua ntau yam zog. Ntawm no, geneticists tau pom astonishing tseeb. Nws muab tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv ntau hom, tsuas ib tug me me ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov theem ntawm lub genome encodes proteins. Txij li thaum ib tug neeg tsuas hais txog 2% ntawm cov genome encode ib tug protein 48% ntawm cov genome yog muab kev koom tes xwb nyob rau hauv thawj zaug rau theem ntawm coding thiab tom qab lub synthesis ntawm cov nqaijrog tshem tawm thiab ntau tshaj 50% ntawm cov genome yog muaj li ntawm uas tsis yog-coding, repetitive DNA sequences muaj, Ntxiv, ib tug loj lub xov tooj ntawm cov tawg tsam ntawm tej yam qub qab cov kab mob. Thaum muab piv cov ntaub ntawv no nrog rau cov genomes ntawm cov tsiaj sawv ntawm txawv ua sawv ntawm lub evolutionary ntaiv, soj ntsuam ntawm yog ntsib nrog tsis tau lwm paradox. Nws muab tawm hais tias cov tsiaj nyob ib sab theem ntawm evolution ntawm lub qhia uas tsis yog-coding DNA yog heev me me. Nyob rau hauv feem pua cov ntsiab lus uas, yog raws li nram no. Yog li ntawd tus kab mob no, yuav luag tag nrho cov DNA yog ua hauj lwm, nws yog 90% thiab xwb 10% raws li nws tau puas. Nyob rau hauv poov, 68% ntawm cov DNA yog lub coding, 32% ntawm cov uas tsis yog-coding. Nematodes muaj no piv yog 24% thiab 76% feem. Cov kab mob yuav ntau, thiab kev faib ua feem ntawm lub coding cov cheeb tsam ntawm DNA decreases, thaum lub sij hawm qhia tawm ntawm ruam tag cov ntaub ntawv rau peb tsub kom. Ntawm no, li no mas thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, ib tug yuav xav tias yuav rov qab tshwm sim. F.Krik, suav hais tias "ntxiv" DNA siv "thoob khib nyiab", tus nqi evolution thiab kev them nyiaj rau cov tshuav ib feem zoo tag nrho. Unquestioned cai ntawm ib tus paub txog rau ntau xyoo deprived lub meej mom yuav tsum tau txais ib tug loj loj ib feem ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb molecule. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no xyoo, ib tug xov tooj ntawm kws tshawb fawb tsis paub txog txoj cai, peb txiav txim siab los muab faus rau lub tswv yim ntawm "junk DNA" ze tau tov ntawm daim card uas tsis yog-coding DNA tau tshwm sim los ib tug cus ciav kev sib tham nyob rau hauv lub xov xwm ntawm geneticists. pua pua ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm, pom tias muaj ntau yam interesting uas tau sau. Nws twb pom tias ib tug tiv thaiv luag hauj lwm uas tsis yog-coding DNA, txoj kev ua ib qho tseem ceeb loj yuav tsum khiav tej intracellular dab, tus tsim ntawm cov kev txiav kab thiab lo nyob rau hauv lwm txoj kev splicing. Ib tug DI Mattick, piv txwv li, ntseeg hais tias qhov uas tsis yog-coding DNA tag nrho - tseem encodes lub thiaj li hu ua koom haum pab ribonucleic acid, RNA.

Peb mus kev rau lub teeb meem ntawm lub ntsiag to ib feem ntawm cov DNA nrog rau lwm cov tes. Nws tau raug pom tias cov DNA molecule yuav kaw thiab muab cia rau, tsis tsuas yog tus caj ces, tab sis kuj qhov thiaj li hu ua ib qho tseem ceeb cov lus qhia. Tseem ceeb heev cov ntaub ntawv uas txuam nrog cov txheej xwm uas ua rau ib tug tiag tiag kev hem thawj rau lub hav zoov ntawm lub cev. tej ntaub ntawv extraction tshuab nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv, uas yuav tsum tau los sib tham li hauv qab no.

Rau txoj kev tshawb no twb xaiv zoo tib yam Brewer lub poov xab pab pawg neeg Saccharomyces. Poov xab yog ib tug zoo kawg nkaus qauv khoom eukaryotic hlwb rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm biochemistry, Immunology, noob caj noob ces. Poov xab noob caj noob ces lossis loj npaum li ntawm ua hauj lwm, ob leeg theoretical thiab thov kev tshawb fawb tsim sai heev, nws twb nqa tawm. Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv 1996, nws yog kiag li sequenced genome ntawm poov Saccharomyces cerevisiae, uas yog lub hauv paus rau ib tug txhob nyob rau hauv molecular systematics ntawm yeasts. Qhov no pub ib tug ncaj qha kev sib piv ntawm cov theem ntawm nucleotides nyob rau hauv lawv cov genome. Uas yog vim li cas cov poov xab thiab tau raug xaiv los ua tus kwv uas peb tshawb fawb.

Qhov no hom ntawm cov poov xab yog hais los ntawm cov pa eukaryotic, i.e. muaj ib tug tub ntxhais cell kab uas hla ntawm 3 - 7 hli. Yog ho nphav kiag mas muaj tsawg kawg nkaus kub thiab txawm nyob rau hauv khov tsis tuag, tiam sis tsuas yog khov, dov tag nrho koj cov metabolic dab. Zoo lawv xav tias sov ib puag ncig, tab sis nyob rau ib kub saum toj no 47 degrees lawv lub neej dab yog tshem tawm, thiab ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 80 - 100 degrees lawv tuag.

Li ntawd, cov tseem ceeb heev rau cov neeg mob rau pwm kub yog nyob ze rau 80 degrees. Sej xws kub nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm lub pwm Saccharomyces cerevisiae, tau pom hloov nucleotide sequences nyob rau hauv uas ntsiag to loci ntawm lawv DNA molecules. Ntau txhoj puab heev tej yam entail hloov nyob rau hauv lub coding cheeb tsam ntawm DNA thiab hem cov nqi ntawm ib tug me me lub cev.

Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub ntsiag to loci DNA ntawm fungi ntaub ntawv kaw tseg txog kev phiv tej yam kev mob tuag lawv lub neej. Ntxiv mus, cov no yog cov tej yam kev mob uas tau coj nws loj puas tsuaj, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm kom ciaj sia nrog xws li ib tug nqi rau lawv tus kheej. Thaum nyob rau hauv cov tej yam kev mob, lub pwm yog twb paub txog lub disastrous txim thiab coj tag nrho cov kev ntsuas kom tsis txhob rau lawv. Cov tib yam tshwm sim nrog tib neeg lub hlwb. Lub cev kuj muaj xws li lub hlwb uas muaj ib yam teeb ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej thiab autonomy. Lawv kuj sau cov tseem ceeb heev cov ntaub ntawv thiab kuj sim siv nws li tuag lawv cov cellular lub neej. Tseem ceeb heev ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub hlwb yog kaw li nyob rau hauv lub hlwb, nws yog kaw nyob rau hauv lub ncus. Txhua nov ntawm nqaij tawv, muab nws nrig txog kev pom cov dluab txuam nrog cov neeg, cov vaj tse, teb, nyob qhov twg cov muaj npaum li cas qhov chaw, yuav luag coj mus rau qee, txheej xwm, tsis hnov tus ntxhiab saj, nrog ncus, xws li mob, suab thiab tiv thaiv nws yog sau nyob rau hauv lub DNA molecules. Tus txiv neej dim, cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg thiab lub hlwb ntseeg tau hais tias nws yuav nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug teeb meem no nws yog cov lus qhia no yuav pab tau kom nws ciaj sia dua. DNA molecules yog haum ruaj khov tebchaw thiab yuav cia lawv cov lus qhia indefinitely. Yog li ntawd, cov tseem ceeb heev cov txheej xwm kaw nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv yuav ua tau heev, heev lawm.

Rau clarity, peb yuav ua tiag muab ib qho piv txwv. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub deb Persia. Persia twb nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VI BC. e. Nws yog tus loj tshaj faj tim teb chaws los ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws mus rau lub Indus River. Nyob rau hauv 332 BC. e. Aleksandr Makedonsky yeej cov tub rog ntawm King Darius thiab yuav nplua nuj nroog Persipol. Rau cov xav ua kom tau kuj, nws tau muab lub nroog rau 3 hnub nws cov tub rog mus plunder. Cov pej xeem nyob rau hauv kev ntshai. Lub zoo kawg li palace, nyob rau hauv nws chav, frantically thov Vajtswv cov tub ntxhais poj niam thiab nug tus Tswv kom txoj kev cawm seej. Nyob ib ncig ntawm sawv icons thiab hlawv taws tswm ciab. Haib tshuab lov cov qhov rooj uas tag nrho cov cem quav thiab cov chav bursts mus rau hauv ib tug mighty tub rog. Ib tug luv luv sib ntaus thiab ib tug poj niam khob qhov rooj cia, dag tsis nco qab rau hauv pem teb. Nws tsoob, hnov Greek hais lus, lub tsev robbed thiab mus. Puas ua li cas rau tus poj niam dim, thiab cov lwm yam, qhov zoo ces los yog hmoov tsis, tsis tau xeeb tub. Tag nrho cov ncus ntawm uas txaus ntshai hnub: icons, taws tswm ciab, Greek hais lus, kev mob, lub roar tau raug kaw nyob rau hauv nws cov DNA molecules. Poj niam yam xyuam xim tauj thiab tes laug tshaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv rau koj tus me nyuam. Travelling nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm ob peb lub kaum os tiam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no, nyob rau hauv lub kawg, nws muab tau ib tug tub hluas nyob rau hauv lub noob nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, thiab, oddly txaus, nyob rau hauv Russia.

Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsum. Lawm, nws yuav nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv ib qhov teeb meem zoo ib yam li uas tau txais. Thaum lub sij hawm lub cev nyob deb tswj kom ciaj sia thiab, ua nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug teeb meem no, nws yuav tsum mechanically me nyuam tag nrho cov ncus thiab cov kev ua uas sau tseg rau hauv nws cov DNA. Yog hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, qhov chaw uas muaj cov icons thiab cov taws tswm ciab yuav hlawv, nws yuav pib mus dov ib ncig ntawm lub hauv pem teb thiab qw ntshai heev txawm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no peb yuav hais tias cov dab tsiv nyob rau hauv nrog nws. Yog hais tias nws mam li nco dheev hais nyob rau hauv Greek, peb hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug lub neej dhau los nws twb nyob tim Nkij teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tus tub hluas yeej tsis nyob tsis nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws, los sis tsis nyob rau hauv Persia, nws tsis muaj dab. Nws tau sau nyob rau hauv lub DNA molecules tseem ceeb heev cov ntaub ntawv uas txwv tsis pub nws mus nyob peacefully thiab hais tias nrog kev pab los ntawm psychoanalysis, Freud W yuav ntse tshem tawm.

Yuav ua li cas yuav ua tau peb hais tias nyob rau hauv xaus rau qhov no qhov teeb meem? Tseem ceeb heev ntaub ntawv ncaj qha hem lub neej ntawm lub cev hlwb lawv tus kheej sau nyob rau hauv lub ntsiag to loci ntawm cov DNA molecule. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, cov ntaub ntawv no yuav siv sij hawm li yuav luag tag nrho lub ntim ntawm cov DNA molecule, vim hais tias ntawm cov loj loj lub sij hawm ntawm cov hav zoov ntawm tej lub sijhawm yog ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas. Lub sijhawm twb feem ntau zoo sib xws, yog li peb pom nyob rau hauv uas ntsiag to loci nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm repetitions. Thaum lub sij hawm, cov laus cov ntaub ntawv tej zaum yuav tsum erased cov ntaub ntawv sau nyob rau hauv lub ntsiag to loci ho yau tshaj nyob rau hauv coding noob. Yog li, ib zaug dua qhia qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm muaj yog tsis muaj qhov chaw rau lub sij hawm, thiab txhua txhua phenomenon nyob rau hauv nws muaj nws lub hom phiaj. Thiab peb, cov neeg, yuav tsum to taub hais tias yog tsis ib txwm peb tus cwj pwm yog dictated los ntawm yog vim li cas thiab, yog li ntawd, nws tsis yog ib txwm tsim nyog rau qhov kev tshwm sim.

Ielikov SL