Chitin - yog dab tsi? Daim ntawv thov ntawm chitin

Yog hais tias koj xav hais tias lub kooj noj xwb nyob rau hauv lub Middle East thiab tej lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa, koj yog heev yuam. Lauj kaub tais diav los ntawm kab, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tsis tu ncua haus peb. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias lawv yog heev pab tau. Rau xyoo lawm, lub chitin yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom noj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, tshuaj.

Txawm nyob rau hauv lub phais xov thiab ntaub nplaum rau ntau xyoo ntxiv mus rau lub substance los yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua lawv derivatives. Cov Japanese pib ua ntej. Kab txawv zam lawv khaws los ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas thiab Europeans. Tam sim no lub Russians tau koom rau qhov no substance.

Chitin: nws yog dab tsi

Yuav ua li cas yog lub substance nyob rau hauv lo lus nug? Wb fim nws. Peb cov uas yog tsis qhaj ntawv nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv txog biology zaj lus qhia, ntawm chav kawm, paub nrog qhov teeb meem, raws li chitin. Yuav ua li cas nws yog, yog lub npe hu rau ntau. Ntawm no cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj xws li Crayfish. Txawm li cas los, tsis tau tsuas yog cov tsiaj muaj nws. Chitin yog ib feem ntawm lub exoskeleton ntawm arthropods: kab (butterflies, kab) thiab shellfish (cw, cw, roob ris).

Qhov no tshuaj, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, kuj muaj nyob rau hauv lub cell phab ntsa ntawm fungi thiab yeasts. Thiab algae - tsis deprived ntawm lawv cov nroj tsuag. Chitin yog tseem nyob rau hauv lawv cov cell phab ntsa.

Chitin qauv, cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw

Ntaub ntawv hais txog cov khoom thiab cov qauv ntawm cellulose (qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub polysaccharide uas yog lub loj ntxwv tivthaiv ntawm cov nroj tsuag) hnub no nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv ib tug siv tau daim ntawv no. Txawm li cas los, cov lus qhia hais txog dab tsi hauv tus qauv ntawm chitin, yog me npaum li cas. Cuaj kaum, nws yog precisely lub hauv paus ntawm lub skeletal system, uas txhawb nqa lub cell qauv txoj kev ntaub nyob rau hauv lub cuticle ntawm kab, crustacean zoo li, lub cell phab ntsa ntawm cov kab mob thiab fungi. Yuav ua li cas chitinous lug nyob rau hauv kab thiab crustaceans xam qhovkev hardness, vim tus tsim ntawm tej chitin-carbonate complex. Nws zoo nkaus li raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm deposition ntawm tshuaj rau calcium carbonate ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb, uas ua raws li ib yam ntawm cov inorganic matrix.

Muaj yog ib co kev zoo sib thooj ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov cellulose thiab chitin. Txawm li cas los, tsis zoo li lub ua ntej, chitin substituent ntawm lub 2nd carbon atom nws yog ib lub elementary tsev acetamide pab pawg neeg. Nyob rau hauv cellulose, tib lub luag hauj lwm no yog ua si los ntawm hydroxyl. Macromolecules haiv neeg chitin (i.e., tej yam ntuj tso) yog li feem ntau muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm chav nyob nrog free thawj amino pawg.

Pab thaj chaw ntawm chitin

Qhov no tshuaj yog ntxiv nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txhim khu lub aroma thiab saj ntawm cov khoom noj, txhim kho cov tsos, los yog siv raws li ib tug preservative. Muaj kev noj haus tshuaj nyob rau hauv uas nws yog muaj. Muaj pes tsawg leeg chitin yog hais tias qhov no tshuaj muaj lam zog. Cov kev pab ntawm nws yog ntseeg tau tias yuav raws li nram no:

• Nws cheeb qhov uas cov kev loj hlob ntawm kev mob hlwb;
• Nws tiv thaiv peb lub cev los ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm hluav taws xob;
• pab txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob;
• Nws tiv thaiv cov kev loj hlob ntawm tus cwj nrag thiab lub plawv tawm tsam, raws li tsub kom cov teebmeem ntawm cov tshuaj uas nyias cov ntshav;
• Nws yog tawm tsam nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm inflammatory dab;
• Plab zom mov pab txoj kev (thiaj li pais plab acidity, thiab kuj txhawb nqa kev loj hlob ntawm pab bifidobacteria);
• koom tes ib tug tsawg theem ntawm cov roj uas txhaws nyob rau hauv peb cov ntshav, nws yuav pab nrog rog thiab atherosclerosis;
• accelerates kev ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg kho.

Ib tug heev pab tau tej yam khoom uas yog chitin. Yuav ua li cas yog nws thiab dab tsi yog nws medicinal zog, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov.

Ntau npaum li cas yog chitin nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Nws yog pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm ntau heev. Yog li ntawd ntau npaum li tias nws muaj tus thib ob siab tshaj plaws loj heev ntawm cov organic teeb meem (thawj belongs rau lub sis plawv hniav). Ib tug xov tooj ntawm zaum txawm ntseeg tau hais tias tib neeg nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze yav tom ntej yuav tsiv mus nyob rau heev dua lwm yam chitin noj cov zaub mov. Piv txwv li, Sam Hudson, xib fwb ntawm polymer Science News for KIDS, nyuam qhuav qhia hais tias thaum lub sij hawm no, kev soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub verge ntawm qhib "lub ntiaj teb tshiab", qhov twg tus xov tooj ntawm cov khoom uas yuav muab tau los ntawm chitin, yog infinite.

Ib me ntsis keeb kwm

Qhia peb txog yuav ua li cas nws tag nrho cov pib nyob rau hauv relation mus ib yam khoom xws li chitin. Yuav ua li cas nws yog nws kawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19. Rov qab nyob rau hauv 1811, xibfwb Genri Brakonno, tus thawj coj nyob rau hauv Nancy (Fabkis), lub Botanical Garden pib mus soj ntsuam cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm nceb. Saib xyuas ntawm tus paub txog attracted txawv txawv substance. Sulfuric acid yog tsis muaj peev xwm yaj nws. Qhov no yog lub chitin. Tom qab ib tug thaum nws los ua tseeb hais tias ib tug biopolymer xaiv zaum los ntawm Fabkis, yog tam sim no tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv fungi. Nws twb pom nyob rau hauv lub elytra ntawm kab.

Chitin, cov khoom uas tseem insufficiently kawm, twb officially npe nyob rau hauv 1823. Txhais los ntawm cov Greek "chitin" txhais tau tias "khaub ncaws". Zaum tso nyob rau hauv 1859 los ntawm cov nqaijrog thiab calcium, tau txais tawm ntawm nws ib tug tshiab substance. Nws twb hu ua chitosan. Qhov no tshuaj yog txawm ntau nthuav tshaj li nws cov thawj ntawm. Nws activates cellular kev ua si, adjusts lub hormonal secretion thiab tshee self-kev cai, txhawb kev noj qab nyob tau hauj lwm ntawm lub cev thiab ntawm lub neej, raws li qhia los ntawm tsis ntev los no kev tshawb fawb. Thiab cov no yog cov cia li ib co ntawm nws cov pab zog. Txawm li cas los, chitin, tom qab tag nrho cov pib discoveries tsis muaj ib tug yog txaus siab rau ib puas xyoo, nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm nqaim tshwj xeeb.

Tsuas yog nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th nws muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav tau tawm li cas pab rau kev kho mob ntawm cov tshuaj. Txawm li cas los, cov neeg no tseem ntev heev dhau los pib noj arthropods thiab, raws li, chitin nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj.

Hais txog hnub nyoog li cas tau noj kab

Txawm nyob rau hauv phau ntawv Levi Tej Kevcai nyob rau hauv phau Vajlugkub yog pom ua tim khawv rau "tsis huv" thiab "huv" kab, uas yog haum thiab unsuitable rau tib neeg noj. Los ntawm "huv", piv txwv li, xws li grasshoppers thiab kooj. John the Baptist nyob rau hauv roob moj sab qhua, noj kooj ntaas hab zwb ntaab. Herodotus, lub Greek historian, hais tias Africans ntes cov kab. Tom qab ntawd lawv qhuav nyob rau hauv lub hnub kooj, nchuav nws mis nyuj thiab noj. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov kooj nyob rau hauv zib ntab tsis disdain txawm lub ancient Loos. Thiab tus poj niam ntawm Mohammed, founder ntawm Islam, xa rau tag nrho cov tais ntawm cov kab raws li ib tug khoom plig nws tus poj niam.

Thaum lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Montezuma, lub Indian kav, thaum lub sij hawm noj hmo tog txais kev pab hau ntsaum. Alfred Brehm, tus naas ej explorer thiab zoologist, nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv hu ua "Tsiaj Lub neej" sau txog qhov tseeb hais tias muaj neeg ntau heev ntawm Sudan ntes ntsaum kab-rwg thiab noj lawv nrog Library.

Niaj hnub nimno delights ntawm arthropods

Deli hlub kab fwm nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv lub Middle East, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv ib co African lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub bazaars thiab cov khw muag cov kooj, thiab nyob rau hauv kim khw nojmov ntawv qhia zaub mov yeej ib txwm muaj xws li cov tais diav los ntawm nws. Nyob rau hauv lub Philippines nws yog lub npe hu ntau yam kev xaiv ua noj ua haus kooj. Nyob rau hauv Mexico, noj grasshoppers thiab yoov, skunks. Nyob rau hauv teb chaws Thaib, lacquer thiab kab ntawm kab, thiab dragonflies, thiab kab lia thiab kooj.

chitin noj cov zaub mov

Nws yog nthuav tias nyob rau hauv lub lig puv 19 xyoo pua tuaj mus nrog ib tug zaub mov ntawm kab. Vincent Holt, English naturalist thiab explorer, pib hu, raws li txwv mus rau cov nqaij-noj thiab vegetarianism rau entomophags (thiaj li hu ua zaub mov kab). Holt, unaware uas chitin thiab chitosan ozdoravlivayusche ua rau lub cev, sau hais tias raws li ib qhov chaw ntawm cov as-ham kab yog npaum li cas nqus tsev vacuum thiab tsis muaj mob tshaj lwm yam tsiaj. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv lawv tus kheej noj xwb tsis noj nqaij noj.

Tus nqi noj haus ntawm kab

Kuv tau txaus ntawm kab? Nws ua rau nws tsis yooj yim, tab sis ua tau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj ua tim nyob rau hauv lub siab dab tsi muaj miraculous thaj chaw ntawm chitin. Kev siv ntawm kev noj haus kom zoo, yog muaj ib tug ntxhib kwv yees ntau npaum li cas koj yuav tsum ntes grasshoppers, dung kab, bees thiab ntsaum kab-rwg, mus rau lub sum ntawm lawv cov luj yog 100 grams. Tus nqi noj haus 100 grams ntawm kab nram qab no.

• Grasshoppers yuav muab rau koj 20,6 protein thiab 6.1 g rog.
• Dung kab - 17,2 g protein thiab 3.8 g rog.
• Kab-rwg - 14,2 g ntawm protein thiab 2.2g rog.
• Cov muv muaj 13,4 g ntawm protein thiab 1.4g rog.

Kev sib piv, ib tug nyuj - 23,5 g protein thiab 21,2 grams rog.

Txawm li cas los entomophagy nyob, cuaj kaum, txawv. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xyuas kom meej tias cov kho thaj chaw ntawm chitin los yog chitosan, nws tsis yog tsim nyog los noj scarabs thiab kab laum, kov yeej fastidiousness. Ua li no, tsuas mus rau lub khw thiab xaiv ib yam dab tsi noj.

Kev tshawb fawb ua nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws

Lub formulation ntawm chitin twb xub tsim nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union nyob rau hauv 1960 xyoo. Qhov no tshuaj yuav tsum pab txhawb kom muaj kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv ionizing tawg. Tsim ib cov tshuaj tshiab tau txwv kom muab zais los ntawm cov tub rog. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm qhov nruab nrab muaj tau muab zais txawm los ntawm cov kws kho mob. Tom qab ib tug series ntawm thwmsim rau liab, dev thiab nas, nws twb pom tau tias cov tshuaj yuav pab lawv ciaj sia txawm tom qab uas lawv tau txais ib tug tuag koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob. Ib me ntsis tom qab, cov neeg tshawb fawb pom tias cov kev pab cuam ntawm chitin tshuaj muaj rau tib neeg. Lawv lub zog kuj tsis yog tas rau tsuas yog ib radioprotective nyhuv.

Kuv pom tias chitin thiab nws cov derivatives yog tau kam nrog ua xua, tawv nqaij, plob tsis so tswj kab mob, tawg thiab cov zoo li. D. Chitin menyuamuas tas ua rau kom loj hlob lub sij hawm ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm lwm yam tshuaj.

niaj hnub cov kev tshawb fawb

Thiab niaj hnub no tseem cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm chitosan thiab chitin. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lawv yog koom zaum uas yog mej zeej ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Chitin Society, tsim nyob rau hauv 2000. Nws muaj xws li tsis tsuas yog cov soj ntsuam ntawm uas kawm cov ntaub ntawv ncaj qha, tab sis kuj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm ceg ntawm science, raws li zoo raws li ua liaj ua teb, cov tshuaj thiab kev lag luam. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws Western hitinologam muab ib tug tshwj xeeb nqi zog Brakonnovskaya. Nws tau txais nws lub npe nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm Bracon, uas yog ib tug tho kev ntawm chitin. Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws xws li ib tug nqi zog muaj npe tom qab Paul Shorygina. Qhov no academician yog ib tug neeg txhawb ntawm chitin kev tshawb fawb.