Biography ntawm Socrates - lub embodiment ntawm ib tug txawj xav views

Tus tub ntawm ib tug bricklayer thiab cov neeg Athenais cov kws pab yug menyuam, uas tau yug los, thaj, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 469 ua ntej lub hnub yug Yexus, los ua lub npe hu thoob ntiaj teb. Biography ntawm Socrates - tus "txiv" ntawm idealist philosophy - muaj nyob rau peb los ntawm ntau qhov chaw. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws ua hauj lwm nws cov follower ntawm Plato, uas tau sau "Apology" ntawm nws tus kws qhia ntawv, thiab cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Xenophon. tus hero ntawm no tsab xov xwm tsis tau sau ntawv tej hauj lwm, thiab txaus siab sib tham nrog tus listeners. Nws ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv no txoj kev npaj nyob rau hauv lawv lub kos duab ntawm kev xav. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov biography ntawm Socrates (los yog, es, ib co ntaub ntawv rau nws) yuav cov zoo los ntawm lub comedy ntawm Aristophanes 'Huab'. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv no ua hauj lwm nws yog nyeem es ib tug caricature ntawm ib tug naas ej thinker, uas nws Greek sau tsis meej pem nrog nws tw - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub Sophists.

Lub npe nrov Athenian philosopher, uas hu ua "gadfly" ntawm cov neeg Athenais, nyob hauv ib lub sij hawm ntawm lub Peloponnesian ua tsov ua rog. Thaum lub ncov ntawm nws lub contemporaries-lub Sophists, nws tsis hu nws tus kheej ib tug sage. Nws invented lo lus "Philo-Sophia." Hais tias yog, Socrates xam tau tias yog nws tus kheej ib tug lover ntawm kev txawj ntse, hais tias nws tsis paub dab tsi tseeb, thiab nws yog tsuas yog lub npe hu raws nraim. Nws criticized lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev cai ywj pheej, tus ib txwm nyob ntawm lub Greek polis, npaum li cas yog neeg siab phem, tsa cov ire ntawm eminent pej xeem thiab accusations ntawm kev thuam thiab yog nws thiaj li raug txim mus rau txoj kev tuag. Ntawm no yog ob peb lo lus ntawm nws lub nyuag Phau ntawv sau. Socrates, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm tej scant ntaub ntawv hais txog nws, muab yug mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm philosophical thought, uas nyob rau hauv Soviet phau ntawv hu ua "lub hom phiaj idealism."

Lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm cov neeg Athenais cov kws "gadfly" ntawm lub Sophists yog hais tias nws muaj nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis tsuas mus rau cov subjective tshaj nyob rau hauv cognition ( "txiv neej yog cov kev ntsuas ntawm tag nrho cov yam"), tab sis kuj yog ib tug lub hom phiaj. Qhov kawg nws ntseeg siab. Nws yog nws, "Nous" - yog cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw los ntawm Vajtswv txoj keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb, thiab nws yog tus kws txiav txim plaub ntawm tag nrho cov subjective. Vim lub siab qhov tseeb nyob rau peb. Txwv tsis pub, txhua yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv nws los yog nws lub tswv yim, thiab tsis muaj hom phiaj yuav ua tsis tau. Guarantor ntawm lub approximation mus rau qhov tseeb yog Daymonion (lub suab puab, conscience). philosophy ntawm creativity nws muaj nws tus kheej lub neej. Biography Socrates qhia tau hais tias peb hais tias nws yog heev loj heev txog nws views. Philosophy, los ntawm nws taw tes ntawm view - qhov no yog lub kos duab ntawm nyob zoo. Yog li ntawd, lub ntsiab yam khoom ntawm meditation yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav ib tug ontology (dab tsi tshwm sim thiab nyob qhov twg), thiab ethics.

Txawm li cas los, cov ntawv sau txog ntawm Socrates hais lus rau lub fact tias cov nqe lus nug ntawm kev txawj ntse, dhau lawm, yog rau nws ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb. Peb yuav tsum nrhiav tus essence, nrhiav tag nrho cov ntawm cov txheej. Tab sis qhov no induction yog tsuas zoo rau ethics, li no xwb lawv tus kheej muaj peev xwm kawm tau thiab tsim lawv cov virtues - self-restraint, kev ncaj ncees, ua siab loj ... tsuas yog txoj kev mus cuag lub hom phiaj ntawm noob neej - lub meej zoo. Muaj ntau biographers Socrates ntseeg tias nws yog tus "raug cai rationalist". Tom qab tag nrho, lub philosopher ntseeg hais tias yog koj paub txog kev tsim txiaj, nws muaj peev xwm thiab xyaum. Ua li no, muaj ib txoj kev uas Socrates "spied on" los ntawm nws niam - maieutics. Qhov no yog ib tug peculiar dialectic, los ntawm kev uas koj yuav thawb lub interlocutor mus rau lub fact tias nws pom txoj cai teb.

Ntawm cov ntau cov thwjtim ntawm Socrates, Alcibiades yog ib tug politician. Lus xaiv tau nws hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv kev hlub nrog ntiaj teb tej kev philosopher, tab sis lub caij nyoog kawg no tso tseg nws lub tswv yim. Nws ntseeg hais tias lub cev kev sib raug zoo tiv thaiv tej yam zoo li kom yus hnav zoo. Socrates rua cov politician thiab cov tub rog commander thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua nrog rau cov Spartans, raug armed tsuas nrog ib tug qws - ib qho ntawm cov tub rog yeej tsis xav kom tua unarmed philosopher.

Tab sis kev phooj ywg nrog Alcibiades phem heev cuam tshuam rau txoj hmoo ntawm cov txawj xav. Cov nom tswv qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv Athens tau hloov, kev cai poob mus rau hauv disfavor, thiab Socrates liam uas tsis hwm lub gods thiab corrupting cov hluas. Philosopher khaws cia heev tau hais khov kho thaum lub sij hawm mus sib hais thiab tau hais tias tsim nyog tsis rau txim, tab sis ntau honors. Txawm li cas los, nws twb raug txim mus rau txoj kev tuag. Raws li ib tug dawb tug txiv neej, nws haus tshuaj lom (los ntawm txoj kev, tsis hemlock, raws li cov lus dab neeg, thiab, obviously, lub Txoj kev lis ntshav ntawm hemlock) thiab ua tsaug Asclepius (vaj tswv zoo) rau rov qab. Yog li ntawd txawj xav qhia nws lub siab xav mus tau rau hauv ib tug zoo dua lub ntiaj teb no tshaj qhov ib tug nyob rau hauv uas nws nyob ua ntej. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 399 BC. Philosopher Socrates, uas nws biography twb luv luv piav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, koj puas tau zoo siab thiab qhia tej tsis tau tsuas yog nws lub neej, tab sis kuj tuag.