Hom ntawm lub tswv yim: tus logic rau tag nrho cov

Peb yog lossi confronted nrog rau cov cai ntawm logic nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Tab sis, Tu siab, lub txoj kev tshawb no ntawm no science rau siab dhau rau xwb ib ob peb faculties nyob rau hauv universities.

Muaj ntau hom tswv yim, logic uas yuav tsum havzoov los ntawm ancient sij hawm. Nws pib nrog cov "Organon" ntawm Aristotle (qhov no yog npe Hmoob rau rau lub tractates ntawm xav npaj Andronnik Rhodes - publisher ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm lub philosopher).

Tom qab hloov lub Aristotelian tswv yim ntawm lub Renaissance philosopher Frensis Bekon, yog ib tus thawj empirical nws lub sij hawm. Philosopher muab nws treatise hu ua "Tshiab Organon". By xav ntawm Aristotle, nws reacted nrog skepticism, xav hais tias tus neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm kev kawm - los mus tsim ib txoj kev tshiab ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab pab tau txhua tus neeg. Nqaij npuas kib criticized cov laus logic hais tias, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, ua rau ib tug ib niag pawg nyob rau hauv lub dav dav system ntawm kev txawj ntse txog kev xav. Nws muab tso rau saum toj no tag nrho cov kev kawm txawj thiab cov inductive txoj kev.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias logic nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, tsim tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sib, ua ib tug probabilistic, zauv, leej thiab coherent system. Tab sis txog thaum tam sim no, lub formal zajlus kom txoj cai lij choj yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg methodological tseem ceeb rau tag nrho cov sciences.

formal logic

Los ntawm nws cov kev cai thiab cov tswv yim. Lub logic Circuit Court ua qhov kev nthuav qhia, uas yog ib cov saw ntawm "tswvyim - qhov kev txiav txim (los yog daim ntawv qhia) - inference." Lub simplest, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yog ib tug yuav tsum muaj tswvyim. Ua ntej koj yuav tsim ib daim ntawv qhia thiab ua ib tug xaus raws li nyob rau hauv nws (txiav), koj yuav tsum muaj ib lub ntsiab ntawm cov kev kawm, to taub nws tseem ceeb nta. Qhov no yog tsis cais dluab piav thoob hlo xaav, uas ua feem ntau ntawm muaj tswv yim kev xav. Hais txog tej yam tshwm sim, muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab cov kev nta ntawm qhov sib txawv los yog sib thooj. Lub txwm ua xws vaj tse, uas yog xam qhovkev xwb los no xyov kev kawm.

Tswvyim - qhov no conceivable thiaj yuav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug pejxeem xwb (los yog kev sib sau) thiab tseem ceeb heev cwj pwm ntawm ib tug kwv.

Xav lub logic hom tswv yim, piv txwv uas zoo heev yooj yim. Pronouncing lo lus "miv", peb xav seb ib qho ntawm cov nta: claws, plaub, whiskers, Miob, tuag nas. Qhov no sau los yog nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub tswvyim, li ntawd, peb yuav hais tias lub tswvyim ntawm "miv" complex. Nws muaj xws li lwm yam ntsiab lus, uas muaj twb tau hais saum toj no.

hom ntawm cov tswv yim

Lub ntsiab lus yog raws li nram no:

1. sau (teb rau lo lus nug "zoo li cas ntawm ib tug neeg?", "Thaum twg?", "Qhov twg?"). Piv txwv ntawm cov tswv yim: "cov neeg uas nyob hnub no nyob rau hauv Ivanovo," "Madagascar", "Fyodor Dostoevsky". Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv ib tug neeg (cov neeg uas sawv cev rau ib lub kawm - "Dzhek London") thiab kev ( "txawj sau ntawv", "State").

2. yuav tsis ntes ( "lo lus", "tsiaj", "txiv neej"). Lawv muaj peev xwm ua tau tej yam tsuas qualitatively muaj ib qho kev txom npaum li cas muaj nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim, uas ua nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm lawv cov ntsiab yuav tsis suav. Cov hom ntsiab ntawm logic tej zaum faib kuj qhib (yuav tsis ntes) thiab kaw (cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv).

3. Cov uas tsis yog-empty thiab npliag rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua raws cai los yog ua tsis raws nrog kev tswv yim rau txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tiag.

4. Tus paub daws teeb thiab lub pob zeb. Tus thawj yog ib lub tswvyim ntawm kev sib raug los yog thaj chaw ntawm tus kwv ( "Honor", "lub meej mom", "siab tawv"), thaum lub caij nyoog kawg no hais txog kev kawm ( "post", "muv").

5. tsis zoo (sib tham txog cov tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev kawm, xws li "tsis neeg", "ib tug miv") thiab zoo ( "miv", "cov neeg").

6. correlative thiab xijpeem. Cov hom ntsiab ntawm logic characterizes li ywj siab ntawm txhua lwm yam thiab ywj siab. Uas yog, piv txwv li, lub tswvyim ntawm "txiv quav ntswv nyoos" thiab "ko taw" nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev nyob rau txhua lwm yam, vim hais tias lawv yuav suav hais tias whatsoever.

xaus

Tsim logic muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm shortcomings uas tau kuaj ob peb centuries tej feem xav. Vim hais tias niaj hnub logic, tab sis yog nyob rau hauv kev ua raws cai nrog rau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev cai, tab sis tseem sib txawv los ntawm nws lub xeem zoo meej qauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no science yog dav siv rau ntau yam ntawm kev ua lej suav. Tab sis lub hom ntsiab txhais txog ntawm logic tsis plam nws qhov tseeb hnub no. Yog li ntawd, txhua txhua xav tus neeg tsuas xav tau mus ntsib nrog tus qauv ntawm xws li ib tug lub sij hawm raws li 'tswvyim'.