Baroque style nyob rau hauv Russia. Baroque cov neeg sawv cev nyob rau hauv Russia

Qhov no bizarre thiab tej zaum weird style predominating nyob rau hauv architecture thiab kos duab nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe los ntawm lub caij thib kaum rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo centuries, tsim nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm intensive creation ntawm lub xeev rau ib lub teb chaws hauv paus. Nws twb zoo mob nrog rau lub tsev teev ntuj thiab aristocratic voj voog. Baroque muaj yeeb koob thiab nce lawv lub hwj chim. Yog li ntawd, vim nws yog feem ntau yus lub me hwj chim, grandeur thiab pathetic yees rau spectacular. Qhov no style combines lub illusory xwm ntawm kev muaj tiag, thiab muaj muaj zog contrasts ntawm cov teev thiab rhythms, raws li zoo raws li textures thiab cov ntaub ntawv, lub teeb thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo.

hauj lwm Baroque

Sai li sai tau raws li cov thawj tsis tau hu no style: lub teb chaws, nws dhau heev lawm, tsis zoo, pretentious thiab unnatural ... Cov yam ntxwv yog nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm nws yug tsis nyuaj li mockery. Thiab tag nrho vim hais ntawm lub Baroque tsis phim ces tus canons ntawm ancient kos duab thiab architecture.

Tab sis maj mam nws pib mus rau kis tau tshiab architecture tseem ceeb thiab zoo. Baroque yug nyob rau hauv ltalis. Qhov no lub teb chaws yog nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm ib tug qhov chaw ntawm kab lis kev cai, qhov no style pib nws triumphal Lub peb hlis ntuj thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Thiab nyob rau hauv txhua ntawm baroque States kom tau lawv lub teb chaws sijhawm.

Baroque architecture nyob rau hauv Russia, xws li, feem ntau raug rau nws tau thiab complexity. Nws yus tus abundance ntawm complex, raws li ib tug txoj cai, curvilinear cov ntaub ntawv, loj heev colonnades. Nyob rau facades ntawm lub vaj tse uas lub sij hawm thiab pom lub nplua mais ntawm sculptures nyob rau hauv lawv cov interiors. Tseem muaj multi-tiered dome nrog complex nrhiav. Ib tug piv txwv ntawm Baroque architecture yuav hu ua ST. Peter nyob rau hauv lub Vatican. Yus style lus no Atlanteans, caryatids txhawb lub arches thiab txhua ntawm kev ua si ib lub luag hauj lwm, raws li zoo raws li mascarones - sculptural decorations nyob rau hauv qhov zoo ntawm ib tug tib neeg lub taub hau los yog snout ntawm ib tug tsiaj los ntawm pem hauv ntej.

Nws yog nyob rau hauv architecture, raws li kws txawj, cov Baroque twb sawv cev nyob rau hauv tag nrho lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab fullness. Tag nrho cov architects uas tsim lawv tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no style, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau enumerate. Nws Italians Bernini, Borromini thiab Maderna, lub Ncej Jan glaubitz thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse, uas nws ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi rau tus Baroque, xam tau tias yog feem ntau Rastrelli. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab baroque

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Russia twb cim los ntawm cov txheej xwm loj. Tom qab kawm tiav ntawm lub sab qaum teb ua tsov ua rog thiab ntau yam ntawm Peter lub kho, lub teb chaws pib los tsim kev lis kev cai, thiab kev lag kev luam. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm St. Petersburg, dhau lawm, yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim, nws cim pib ntawm ib tug tshiab theem nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm tsis tsuas yog peb tus kheej, tab sis kuj ntawm lub ntiaj teb architecture. Nws yog nrog no thiab pib, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub kis ntawm lub Baroque architecture ntawm lub 18th caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv Russia, rau qhov kev siv ntawm lub capital thiab nws cov suburbs tau sau tsis tau tsuas yog domestic, tab sis kuj cov architects ntawm Western teb chaws Europe. Lub grandiose nroog loj hlob txheej txheem raug raws li nyob rau hauv lub sawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture.

Western European tiam sis

Cuaj kaum Petersburg architecture lub sij hawm ntawm Peter kuv, thiab nws yog - tus thawj lub quarter ntawm lub xyoo pua, txawm hais tias nws tau tsim raws li ib tug tiag tiag lub teb chaws lub luag hauj lwm hauv zos yam ntxwv, thaum nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj kev cuam tshuam cov kev tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam yeej ntawm Western European siv. Muaj ib tug monolithic thiab mas organic fusion ntawm peb thiab txawv teb chaws architectural yeej. Yog li pib lub Baroque era nyob rau hauv Russia.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus txheej txheem ntawm assimilation thiab muaj tswv yim ua ntawm Western yeej, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, mus rov qab mus rau lub thib kaum tsib xyoo pua, thaum nyob rau hauv Ivan III tuaj rau Moscow mus ua hauj lwm Italians. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub thib kaum xya xyoo pua tus ntawm neeg txawv teb chaws ntau zog thaum hniav txhua thiab entablature, Gables, luas thiab sculpted motifs maj pib kis nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture.

Baroque style nyob rau hauv Russia

nws yuav tsis tau ib tug foothold nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov critics subverted classicism nyob rau hauv architecture, lawv yog, cuaj kaum, tsis pom ib tug lwm txoj rau "lub txhua thiab ncaws." Fiercely debated lub merits ntawm cov Gothic Revival thiab "Renaissance", tab sis lub sij hawm "baroque" nyob rau hauv Russia siv zam. Renowned kes duab vajtse Bryullov thaum lub sij hawm ib qho chaw twg mus rau Ltalis twb outraged los ntawm "depraved saj" thiab absurd tsim yaam tshab ntawm Borromini.

Thiab lub sij hawm "Lavxias teb sab baroque" xwb nyob rau hauv lub eighties ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo explorer N. Sultanov ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture twb qhia. Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws twb xaiv pre-Petrine architecture ntawm lub thib kaum xya xyoo pua. Txij thaum ntawd los, muaj ib lub tswvyim ntawm sustainability, ntawm uas cov thawj theem ntawm no style tsim nyob rau hauv lub 1640 lub.

Los ntawm txhais, Likhachev, Baroque nyob rau hauv Russia tau lam xav ib co ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub Renaissance, uas yog tsis tau txaus manifested. Cuaj kaum, lub sij hawm "Lavxias teb sab baroque" nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab nyob rau hauv Feem ntau yog tsis universally txais los ntawm cov kws txawj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ntshai li zwj ceeb, tab sis lub npe yog coj nyob rau hauv hais tias.

Kev lig kev cai, nyob rau hauv lawv cov qualities zoo xws li cov style ntawm mannerism. Nws tseem ceeb ob peb theem: "Naryshkin", "Golitsyn", "Petus baroque nyob rau hauv Russia" (18th century, thawj peb lub hlis twg) thiab "mature", xa mus rau lub Elizabethan lub sij hawm. Cov yav tas style yog feem ntau kom meej meej embodied nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm F. Rastrelli yau nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev ntawm St. Petersburg.

Naryshkin los yog Moscow baroque

Los ntawm no style txhais tau tias ib tug pab pawg neeg cov tuam tsev, ua lub npe nrov knights tuaj. Naryshkin baroque style nyob rau hauv Russia yog hais los ntawm xws li tej hauj lwm ntawm architecture ntawm lub caij thib kaum xya - thaum ntxov xyoo centuries li lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Fili thiab Trinity-Lykov, nyob rau hauv lub kaus mom thiab Dubrovitsy, raws li zoo raws li lub Assumption, uas ua tau rau Maroseyka.

Kws txawj hu nws nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev nws tom ntej theem, nyob rau hauv uas lub siab los ntseeg hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov eclipsed Western architecture, xws li ib tug kev cai thiab lawv hais, zoo nkauj motifs thiab baroque keeb kwm t. D.

Nta Naryshkin style nyob rau hauv architecture

Nws tuaj ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb heev lub sij hawm rau peb architecture. Yog tias thaum lub Lavxias teb sab yawg suab style maj pib txeem tiam sis los ntawm teb chaws Europe. Los ntawm lub thib kaum rau xyoo pua architecture, nws ntseg ib ntsug tob tob zog uas slides raws npoo ntawm cov phab ntsa thiab patterned cuam lush tsis.

Rau vaj tse ntawm no era ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm contradictory tiam sis nyob rau hauv cov lug cai heterogeneity ntawm lug thiab kho kom zoo nkauj. Tus qauv ntawm "Naryshkin" baroque nyob rau hauv Russia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Moscow, muaj qhia meej ntawm European mannerism, thiab lub suab ntawm lub Gothic, muaj yog ib tug me ntsis ntawm ib tug Renaissance thiab Romanticism, thiab nws tag nrho merges nrog rau cov kev cai ntawm ancient ntoo thiab pob zeb architecture.

Golitsyn style

Maj mam nws pib baroque txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm ib tug txawv style ntawm Naryshkin tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Moscow architecture - Golitsyn, uas yog xam hloov. Nws flourished nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo caum ntawm lub xyoo pua, thiab hauv cov nyhuv persisted mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua.

Tus thawj tsev, tsa nyob rau hauv lub baroque style nyob rau hauv Russia, suav hais tias yog lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Dubovica nyob rau hauv Perov, Volyn, Laurentian monastery nyob rau hauv Kaluga. Rau hauv sib piv, "Naryshkin" nyob rau hauv dai kom zoo ntawm "Golitsyn" vaj tse nce siv purely Baroque ntsiab. Txawm li cas los, lawv tsim kev daws teeb meem, tus yeees ntawm cov raug rho tawm tagnrho thiab kaw cim arrays los ze zog mus rau lub European Renaissance. Clarity ntawm lub hom phiaj nrog rau cov simplicity ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ua ke nrog ib tug nplua nuj sab hauv ntxaib lub ntau Baroque monuments nyob rau hauv Russia nrog classic piv txwv ntawm ancient architecture. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kom meej meej no muaj peev xwm yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub tom qab vaj tse - lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Peter thiab Paul Cathedral nyob rau hauv Moscow, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv Troekurova thiab Yakimanka.

Stroganoff style

Qhov no stylistic kev taw qhia Lavxias teb sab architecture kawg ntawm lub thib kaum xya thiab xyoo centuries pib yam ntxwv tsev tsa rau qhov kev txiav txim rau daim ntawv industrialists, tom qab uas nws yog muaj npe.

Los ntawm ntau radical monuments ntawm lub Moscow baroque Stroganoff txawv khaws cia cov tsoos Lavxias teb sab tsib-domed tuam tsev silhouette, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug zoo kawg li, raws li yog hais fashioned los ntawm txhais tes, baroque décor. Cov no muaj xws Kazan nyob rau hauv Ustyuzhna, Smolensk nyob rau hauv Gordeevka zos Christmas nyob rau hauv Nizhny Novgorod thiab ntau lwm lub koom txoos, raws li zoo raws li Vvedensky cathedral, ua nyob rau hauv Solvychegodsk.

Peter tus baroque

Qhov no lub sij hawm yog siv los ntawm kos duab historians mus rau lub architectural style, uas tau raug pom zoo los ntawm Peter kuv thiab mas dav siv nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Limited zwj ceeb moj khaum, nws yog ntau focused rau lub Swedish qauv, German thiab Dutch architects. Baroque architecture nyob rau hauv Russia txij thaum lub Great reformer yog ib tug kev lom zem ntau eclectic tsev, nrog ib tug saj rau classicism thiab gothic antiquity. Yuav kom txo tau cov ntau haiv neeg ntawm Peter architects kev daws rau no style yuav tsuas yuav ib tug degree ntawm conditionality.

Lub architecture ntawm lub sij hawm no yus muaj los ntawm simplicity volumetric Siv, muaj ntau ntau ntawm ntshiab articulation thiab tswj sam xauv nees, feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv tus txhais lus los ntawm planar facades. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub Naryshkin baroque nyob rau hauv Russia, Peter lub Great yog ib tug decisive rejection ntawm lub Byzantine kev lig kev cai, uas yeej peb architects yuav luag xya centuries. Txawm li cas los, muaj qhov sib txawv los ntawm Golitsynsky style ncaj qha inspired los ntawm cov Italian los yog Austrian kuaj.

kaj cov neeg sawv cev

Ib tug invaluable luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub Baroque nyob rau hauv Russia ua si tsis tsuas Lavxias teb sab, tab sis kuj muaj ntau zoo-paub txawv teb chaws architects. Ib tug ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub thaj tsev kawm ntawv, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, yog Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli - tus tub ntawm ib tug Italian sculptor, uas tau txais kev pab ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm huab tais Louis XIV. Judging los ntawm cov lus ntawm nws biographer, koj siv kev nws lawm mas nyob rau hauv Russia. Ua ib tug heev ntse artist, Rastrelli tau muaj kev tswj los ua pov thawj nws tus kheej ib tug keej kws kes duab vajtse thiab nyob ib tug heev txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev hais plaub, tau raug tsa "thawj kws kes duab vajtse." Nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1740-1750 tau mus txog nws qhov kawg nkaus.

Lwm yam mas cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Baroque nyob rau hauv Russia - nws yog A. V. Kvasov, tsim thiab ua cov neeg pej xeem Tsarskoye selo Palace ua ntej lub restructuring pom zoo ua los Rastrelli. Rau nws ua hauj lwm muaj xws li tsis fwm nyob rau hauv lub Haymarket cheeb tsam ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Assumption of lub Blessed nkauj xwb niam mab liab. Tsis muaj tsawg zoo-paub architects ntawm Lavxias teb sab baroque era yog P. Trezzini, A. Vista thiab, ntawm chav kawm, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia txij thaum 1760-th rau 1770-th kaj txawv teb chaws tus neeg sawv cev ntawm no style ntawm Antonio Rinaldi. Cov yav tas, nyob rau hauv nws thaum ntxov vaj tse tseem nyob rau hauv tus ntawm "laus" Baroque thiab tom qab tsiv mus rau classicism, uas nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws yog cia li nyob rau hauv nws kiag. Txawm li cas los, hais tias unequivocally uas Rinaldi yog tus neeg sawv cev ntawm raws nraim no thaum ntxov style, tsis yooj yim sua.

Vaj tse Lavxias teb sab Baroque

Txaus paub creation ntawm Rastrelli - ib tug khaub ncaws ntau ntawm Smolny Convent, ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1748-1764 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev lig kev cai zoo sib xws lossis teej tug mus rau lub yav dhau los xyoo pua. Tsis muaj tsawg paub yog nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb capital ntawm ob palaces Elizabethan ua nom ua tswv - Stroganov thiab M. Vorontsov. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw ntawm cov ua hauj lwm ntawm Rastrelli stands, ntawm chav kawm, lub caij ntuj no Palace, uas ua tau yim xyoo. Nws tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv 1762-m. Nws nyob ntawm no nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse lub txuj ci. Cov lwm Baroque masterpieces - Cov neeg pej xeem Palace nyob rau hauv Tsarskoye selo, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Lawv yog cov tag nrho cov heev ci tuab lub style uas prevailed nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Russia. Cov evolution ntawm zoo kawg li creativity ntawm kes duab lub vajtse P. Trezzini qhia txog Theodore Koom Txoos, nyob rau hauv lub Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Niaj hnub no, ib tug ntau ntawm controversy tshaj uas yus tus kheej lub square ua rau lub Vladimir Cathedral ntawm tib lub npe. Txawm li cas los, muaj ntau yam yog inclined mus ntseeg hais tias nws tsis yog ib tug tsis paub tus tswv, namely P. Trezzini, uas nyiam sib tw nrog Rastrelli, tsim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm 1760 ntawm lub amazing kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias, hmoov tsis, heev muaj ntau lub tsev teej tug mus rau kes duab lub vajtse, twb tom qab rebuilt los yog tsuas yog zoo.

Kuv tsis poob qab lawv cov phooj ywg thiab Rinaldi, uas tau tsim ob peb pawg ntseeg Orthodox, sib txuas ntau yam ntawm Baroque. Nyob rau hauv kev, qhov no yog Andrew Cathedral nrog nws tsib ncaws ncaws thiab siab multi-storey tswb ntauwd, Boathouse, nyob rau hauv lub fortress, Suav thiab Marble palaces. Cov yav tas yog suav tias yog ib tug tshwj xeeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture.