Astrakhan xeev. Accession rau Russia thiab hloov

Astrakhan Xeev Kaum ib hlis 22, 2017 ua koomtxoos nco txog nws 300th hnub tseem ceeb. Nws twb tsim los ntawm txoj cai ntawm Peter lub Great nyob rau hauv Tsaw Chaw 1717. Nyob rau nws lub teb chaws txij thaum 1480 yog lub Astrakhan lub nceeg vaj, uas muaj kom txog thaum 1557, thaum nws tau txuas mus rau lub Moscow State.

Keeb kwm ntawm kev kawm ntawv

Peb lub xyoos ua ntej lawm, tus Moscow pab tub rog coj los ntawm tub huabtais Pronsky-Shemyakin nkag mus hauv lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm lub nceeg vaj rau lub Tsim ntawm lub zwm txwv exiled Derbyshev Khan, uas nug kev pab los ntawm Moscow thiab coj ib tug cog ntawm siab rau lub Lavxias teb sab xeev nrog cov mob uas them tribute. Tom qab nws ntxeev siab rau nyob rau hauv 1557 Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog annexed lub Khanate rau Russia.

Lavxias teb sab xeev nyiam nyob rau hauv cov pawg neeg thaj av yeej ib txwm tau loj loj. Nws muaj ob peb cov hom phiaj. Cov thawj thiab feem ntau tseem ceeb - kev tiv thaiv ntawm ciam teb rau lwm los ntawm cov raids ntawm lub Tatar hordes, uas tseg hla tus ciam mus rau hauv lub teb chaws, li no yuav ua tau rau kom muaj teeb kev puas tsuaj rau cov pejxeem, hijacking qhev inhabitants. Qhov thib ob - tus Caspian hiav txwv, uas muaj kev nkag tau mus rau hauv lub tswv yim tseem ceeb rau lub xeev. Colonization ntug tsiv nrog zoo nyuaj. Qhov no yog facilitated los ntawm heev raids ntawm Tatars thiab predatory tawm tsam los ntawm free Cossacks thiab Kalmyks.

Txij li thaum 1708 lub teb chaws ntawm cov qub lub nceeg vaj twb incorporated rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Kazan xeev. Zoo txaus siab mus rau lub ntug tsom Potr Veliky. Nws yog nws muab ib tug cai nyob rau hauv Tsaw Chaw 1717 ua lub teb chaws cheeb tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Astrakhan qub nceeg vaj los ua ib tug ib feem raws li ib tug thawj tswj cov unit - lub xeev, taws los ntawm tus tswv xeev General.

thaj chaw

Nrhiav cov Astrakhan xeev - sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm European Russia. Raws li ib feem ntawm nws lub teb chaws, raws li ib thaj tsam rau lub xyoo 1914 nyob rau Astrakhan cheeb tsam thiab Kalmykia siab, cov Volgograd thiab Rostov thaj av, Stavropol Territory, Dagestan thiab Kazakhstan Guryev cheeb tsam.

Nws yog situated nyob rau hauv lub Caspian lowlands, txog 500 kilometers nws yog ntxuav los ntawm lub Caspian hiav txwv. Lub sab nce mus txog ntawm lub Volga dej muab faib rau lub xeev mus rau hauv ob qhov chaw. Txoj cai (lub Volga) yog hu ua tus Kalmyk steppe, sab laug (Zavolzhskaya) - Kirghiz steppe. Deepest Volga nyob rau hauv Astrakhan xeev yog muab faib ua ob bows, splitting mus rau hauv heev heev raws, uas nws tus xov tooj yog nyob rau txuas ntawm lub Caspian hiav txwv yog 70.

Yuav ua li cas hloov nyob tus yeees ntawm lub xeev

Keeb kwm ntawm Astrakhan xeev yog tag nrho ntawm kev hloov. Nws muaj thiab muab tau los ntawm cov loj ib ncig. Gubernija nyob rau hauv Peter ho txawv los ntawm tam sim no teb. Nws ciam teb rau lwm ncua los ntawm cov qus steppes ntawm Kirghiz mus rau lub Caucasus, los ntawm lub Kuban thiab Stavropol Territory rau Middle Volga.

Lub nroog ntawm Astrakhan xeev, leej twg yog tus thawj ntawm nws lub teb chaws:

• Astrakhan;
• Guryev - tam sim no nyob rau hauv Atyrau (Kazakhstan) ;
• Dmitrievsky - tam sim no Kamyshin;
• Krasny Yar;
• Kizlyar;
• Petrovsk;
• Samara;
• Saratov;
• Simbirsk - Ulyanovsk thaum lub caij;
• Syzran;
• Terek;
• Tsarina - tam sim no ua hauj lwm;
• Dub Yar.

Tom qab 11 xyoo, plaub ntawm lub Volga lub zos (Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk, Syzran) raug muab tshem tawm los ntawm lub thiab nkag mus hauv lub Kazan xeev. Tom qab lwm 11 xyoo, Saratov ntxiv dua mus rau lub Astrakhan xeev. Ib xyoo tom qab nws tau los ua qhov chaw ntawm Saratov governorship.

Rau siv, cov governorship - ib tug zoo ntawm nws tus kheej-tsoom fwv. Muab tswv xeev tsa los ntawm Moscow, tab sis, tsis zoo li tus tswv xeev yog tsis khaws cia nyob rau hauv cov nuj nqis ntawm lub xeev, thiab yog nyob rau hauv lub noj ntawm lub subordinate chaw uas zoo heev. Nws lub hom phiaj - los tswj lub xeev thiab mus sau se. Governorship ua ntau thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Catherine II. Qhov no daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv yog cov yam ntxwv tsis tsuas yog ntawm Russia, tab sis coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws, tshwj xeeb yog hais.

Muaj ib tug yuav luag tsis paub tab sis ib qho tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm rau lub arrangement ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv uas lub Astrakhan xeev tau noj nws tseem ceeb heev qhov chaw raws li ib tug outpost ntawm lub faj tim teb chaws thiab ib tug choj ntawm Russia thiab sab hnub tuaj. Nws tshwm sim - tus tsim ntawm tshiab xeev, txoj kev hloov ntawm tej cheeb tsam rau lwm qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv 1752 lub nroog twb pauv mus rau Orenburg Guryev. Peb caug xyoo tom qab Astrakhan xeev, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg nkag mus rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Uralsk. Tom qab ib tug thaum Axhtubinsk Dub Yar thiab Tsarina tsiv mus rau hauv lub xeev.

Tsiv nyob rau hauv lub xeev Hwj Naj

Loj heev rau tej thaj chaw tau sparsely populated xeev ntawm Astrakhan. Peb nyob ntawm no, rau qhov cov nomadic neeg: lub Kirghiz thiab Kalmyks. Lub ntsiab yog ib feem ntawm lub nroog yog situated rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm lub Volga - muab nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov ntses thiab cov grazing av. Yuav ua kom lub cev tau hauj lwm yog tsim nyog los tsim lub tswm cov neeg nyob rau ntawm nws lub chaw uas zoo heev. Nws pib xeem ntiaj teb no nyaj ntawm cov European ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub Kirghiz steppe.

Nws yuav siv sij hawm lub kev txiav txim siab tsim nyog rau cov hais hais sib haum ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm lub xeev: mus muab av rau cov muag khoom nyob rau hauv dej siab cov ntsiab lus uas. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau hais, lawv raug tso cai rau dawb siv. Resettlement twb nqa tawm tag nrho lub zos. Muaj tshiab Cossack lub zos. Astrakhan xeev yog ib tug qhov chaw ntawm exile, muaj forts. Qhov no tshuav lub qub ntseeg thiab dissenters. By kawg ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua tus naj npawb ntawm Orthodox pejxeem (Lavxias teb sab, Ukrainian) yog hais txog 55%, Kirghiz (Kazakhs) - hais txog 25%, Kalmyks - 13%, Tatars - 6%.

administrative division

Cov thawj tswj centre ntawm lub xeev yog lub nroog ntawm Astrakhan. Tus thawj xyoo caum ntawm lub XX caug xyoo. nyob rau hauv lub xeev Hwj Naj, muaj 5 lub nroog. County Astrakhan Astrakhan xeev yog cov coob nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov pejxeem - 219 760 tus neeg (1897). Tom qab ntawd tuaj tshiab khiv tsim Enotaevsky, Krasnoyarsk, thiab Chernoyarsky Tsarovsky, Kalmyk thiab Kirghiz steppes thiab Astrakhan Cossack pab tub rog.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tsib lub nroog muaj xws li:

• Nyob deb nroog cov zej zog - 157;
• townships - 47;
• mills - 13;
• uryadnicheskih chaw - 89.

Kalmytskaya steppe nrog xya ulus ntawm lwm yam uas thiab Bazaar. Kirghiz steppe muaj tsib qhov chaw thiab ob lub nroog. Lub Astrakhan Cossack pab tub rog twb ob pawg, muaj raws ntawm 13 lub zos, thiab Hamlets neeg loj leeb. Tag nrho cov ntawm cov neeg nyob muaj ntau tshaj ib lab. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub xeev nws ua 167 lub koom txoos, 4 Orthodox monasteries.

Xeev nyob rau hauv lub XIX-XX centuries

Astrakhan xeev nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 txuas ntxiv nws transformation, Txawm li cas los, lawv twb tsis raws li tseem ceeb raws li nyob rau hauv lub XVIII caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 1832, tom qab ntau npaum li cas reorganization Astrakhan xeev thiab lub Caucasus tau kiag li cais. Ntawm lub taub hau ntawm nws sawv ob governors - pej xeem thiab cov tub rog. Lub ib thooj ntawm cov transformation yog tiav. Txuas ntxiv colonization ntawm thaj av ntawd.

Tsis ntev los no hwv hloov coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm XX. Nyob rau hauv 1917, lub Kirghiz steppe twb reorganized rau hauv lub tshiab tsim Bukeyev xeev thiab cov cheeb nroog Tsarovsky thiab Chernoyarsky tuaj koom lub Tsaritsyn xeev. Nyob rau hauv 1925 abolished cov cheeb nroog thiab cov cheeb tsam tsev 12 raug tsim.