Anthropological materialism ntawm Feuerbach rau lub essence ntawm tus txiv neej thiab kev ntseeg

Lyudvig Feyerbah yug nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg tus kws lij choj. Thaum kawm nyob rau lub Theological kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Heidelberg, nws tuaj nyob rau hauv tus ntawm Hegel thiab cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv lub University of Berlin kws qhia ntawv ntawm Philosophy. Tab sis nws txoj hmoo yog xws li hais tias nws tau ntsib ib tug ntau ntawm kev nyuaj siab - nyob rau hauv Hegel lub philosophy, thiab nyob rau hauv lub "civilized" lub neej. Kom txog thaum nws tuag, nws nyob rau hauv lub zos. Nws loj tej hauj lwm nws tau sau muaj - "soj ntsuas ntaub ntawv ntawm Hegel lub Philosophy", "Essence ntawm Christianity", "Principles of the Philosophy ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej" - tsev cov me nyuam yaus ntawm ib tug tshiab lub tswv yim, uas yog yus li ib tug anthropological materialism.

Ib tug heev ib feem ntawm qhov no philosophy yog lub soj ntsuas ntaub ntawv ntawm idealism. Feuerbach hu lub classical German philosophy idealist, vim hais tias nws yog ua kom nws coj tus sab nraum lub ntiaj teb no xav. Qhov no ua rau cov domination ntawm dogma, leej twg kev cai dab qhuas views on philosophical yam, mus rau ib tug zoo ntawm "sophisticated kev ntseeg." Tsuas, yog hais tias tus pa kev cai dab qhuas views thawj Theism - ntseeg nyob rau hauv ib tug tus kheej thiab Vajtswv, tus German philosophy - ua saib tsis taus Ntsuj Plig knowable txawj ntse. Anthropological materialism ntawm Feuerbach rejects Hegel lub dialectic, raws li ib tug zoo sib cav tswv yim nyob rau hauv uas qhov tseeb yog poob lawm. Tus tshiab philosophy yog kom kov yeej lub philosophy ntawm Hegel, nyob rau hauv pab pawg nrog rau cov tej yam ntuj tso sciences nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub tiag tiag, es tsis xav txog tej yam possibilities ntawm tus txiv neej. Ntxiv mus, nws yuav tsum tsa cov nqe lus nug ntawm lub essence ntawm tus txiv neej, vim hais tias cov kev sib sau ntawm ua thiab xav xwb ua kev zoo siab nyob rau hauv tug txiv neej, vim hais tias tus txiv neej yog txoj kev sib sau ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab corporeal yeeb tshuaj, thiab nws cov essence - nyob rau hauv cov kev, nyob rau hauv sensuality.

Anthropological philosophy ntawm Feuerbach tus system yog ib tug universal science. Tag nrho nws cov lus qhuab qhia permeated anthropologism. Xwm rau Feuerbach tib yam teeb meem. Nws yog nyob mus ib txhis thiab ntau yam, kev txom, rooj noj, txiav txim los ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm. Qhov no yog qhov tiag - nws yog tsis muaj dab tsi. Txiv neej, raws li nws sau qhov - nws yog tsis muaj dab tsi tsawg tshaj li tib neeg, thiab saum toj no nws. "Lub contemplation ntawm qhov thiab txiv neej muaj tag nrho cov mysteries ntawm philosophy" - lub philosopher hais tias. Qhov ntau ntawm tib neeg tus cwj pwm txawv qhia rau ntau haiv neeg ntawm qhov. Paub yog tau ua tsaug rau sensuality.

Tsis totaub tsis dag peb, thiab yog tsis dag - lawv yeej txaus rau cov kev txawj ntse ntawm tag nrho cov tshwm sim. Zoo li no universal - lawv tau xav thiab xav tias - txoj kev xav. Anthropological materialism ntawm Feuerbach txo nws hwj rau pem hauv ntej lub tswv yim tias xav yog raws li nyob rau hauv sensuality thiab complements nws: "Txoj kev xav peb nyeem hauv phau ntawv ntawm qhov, tab sis peb to taub nws xav." Yog li, xav yog tsuas tsim nyog los nrhiav lub zais ntsiab lus ntawm tej yam. Txawm li cas los, ua daim ntawv thov, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm philosophy, qhov no zoo ntawm kev xav tsis yog, thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav - ib tug xyaum inimical rau ob leeg philosophy thiab txoj kev xav, nws yog qias neeg thiab commercialism.

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub neej tshiab nimno philosophy ntawm atheists, anthropological materialism ntawm Feuerbach considers kev ntseeg tsis raws li vapid hype - nws cia li sawv los ntawm kev ntshai thiab txheej thaum ub txiv neej muaj teeb meem, raws li tau zoo raws li ntawm lub xam qhovkev tib neeg muaj siab rau zoo tag nrho. "Vajtswv, - xaus Feuerbach - tias yog dab tsi cov neeg xav tau." Yog li ntawd, lub essence ntawm kev ntseeg - nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub siab. Kev loj hlob ntawm kev ntseeg coj theem ntawm cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob. Thaum tus txiv neej yog kiag li nyob rau qhov, kev ntseeg yog ib tug natural, thiab thaum twg ib tug neeg tau tsim ib qho zoo tagnrho thiab muab tso rau nws ib sab nws tus kheej, pe hawm paub daws teeb rau txiv neej - ntseeg los ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Qhov no yog rawsli los ntawm xws li kev cai dab qhuas cov tswv yim, xws li cov Trinity, uas yog ua tau ib lub cim ntawm lub tsev neeg.

Anthropological materialism ntawm Feuerbach theem cov essence ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab kev cai dab qhuas txoj kev xav ntawm txoj kev hlub. Qhov teeb meem kev cai dab qhuas yog ib qho unattainable zoo tagnrho - nws txhais tau hais tias yog hais tias qhov zoo tagnrho yog pom tau hais, kev ntseeg yuav ploj (vim hais tias ib tug neeg twb tsis muaj txoj cai ntawm kev ntseeg dab, ironically Philosopher). Tus txiv neej yog tsav los ntawm nws passions, saum toj no tag nrho, qia, thiab yog li ntawd txoj kev ywj pheej rau tus txiv neej - yog los tsim lub tej yam kev mob rau nws, thaum nws yuav ua li cas nws xav. Cov tsav tsheb quab yuam ntawm ethics yog ib tug muaj kuab egoism, uas yog feem ntau tag nrho qhia nyob rau hauv kev hlub, vim hais tias nws zoo tshaj plaws nruab nrab yog cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov uas "kuv" thiab "koj." Yog li ntawd, ntawm sab ntsuj plig kev ntseeg yog tsim nyog, raws li cov philosopher, los hloov lub cult ntawm ntuj thiab kev hlub neeg. Ntsiab lus cov anthropology ntawm Feuerbach, Engels ib zaug remarked tias nws "xav muab pov rau tag nrho cov neeg nyob rau hauv lwm tus txoj kev caj npab, tsis hais poj niam txiv neej thiab muaj hnub nyoog."