Dzhordzh Berkli: philosophy, qhov yooj yim lub tswv yim, biography

Ntawm cov philosophers professing qhov cov empirical thiab idealistic views, yog ib lub npe nrov tshaj yog Dzhordzh Berkli. Nws txiv yog ib tug Englishman, tab sis George xam tau tias yog nws tus kheej ib tug Irishman, vim hais tias nws yog muaj, nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm Ireland, nws tau yug los nyob rau hauv 1685. Nrog kaum tsib xyoos, tus tub hluas pib ib lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov kawm ntawv qib siab, uas nws yuav tsum tau kev cob cog rua ib txoj kev los sis lwm tug ntev lub sij hawm ntawm nws lub neej (mus txog 1724). Nyob rau hauv 1704, Berkeley, Jr. tau txais ib bachelor degree thiab peb xyoos tom qab - ib tug master degree nrog rau txoj kev qhia nyob rau hauv junior pedsostave. Ib tug ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd nws tau los ua ib tug pov thawj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Anglican, thiab ces - ib tug PhD thiab senior lecturer nyob rau kev kawm qib siab.

subjective idealism

Txawm nyob rau ntawm ib tug hluas hnub nyoog D. Berkley xaiv ntawm materialistic views thiab subjective idealism, nws coj lub sab ntawm lub yav tas. Nws los ua ib tus kws lijchoj ntawm kev ntseeg thiab nyob rau hauv nws sau, uas qhia cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus txiv neej lub xaav ntawm teeb meem los ntawm txoj kev nyob rau hauv uas nws pom thiab pom tau tias tus ntsuj plig (lub siab, nco qab), tsim los ntawm Vajtswv. Txawm nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas sau tej hauj lwm uas tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm philosophical thought , thiab tau qhuas lub npe - Dzhordzh Berkli.

Philosophy thiab cov kev tshawb fawb qhov tseeb pib paub lub neej ntawm lub Irish txawj xav. Ntawm nws cov hauj lwm nthuav: "Cov kev ntawm cov tshiab kev tshawb xav ntawm lub zeem muag", "treatise rau lub Principles of Human paub," "Peb sib tham ntawm Hylas thiab Philonous". Publishing ua hauj lwm rau ib tug tshiab lub zeem muag, ib tug hluas philosopher, teem ib lub hom phiaj los txo cov qhov tseem ceeb ntawm thawj zoo, ua pov thawj lub ywj pheej ntawm peb nco qab thiab cov kev muaj tiag ntawm qhov teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub hom phiaj ntawm Descartes rau cov neeg ntawm lub cev, twb tau chaw thaum lub sij hawm, nws qhia cov dependence ntawm qhov kev ncua deb xaav, zoo lawm thiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov khoom los ntawm xub ntiag. Raws li cov philosopher, lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov sib txawv ncus - yog lub cheeb tsam ntawm logic, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev.

Tseem ceeb tej hauj lwm ntawm lub philosopher

Peb muaj ntau reflections xws li ib tug Theological kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov txawj xav tej hauj lwm. Tab sis ib yam ntawm cov feem ntau nthuav tej hauj lwm yog "Peb sib tham Hylas thiab Philonous" (Dzhordzh Berkli - philosophy), luv luv uas peb yuav hais no: tus sau tsa lo lus nug ntawm lub metaphysical xaav ntawm lub Relativity to taub txog kev muaj tiag, thiab phenomenalism. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm "Qhov no" Berkeley disputed Newton tus views txog cov abstract kev txiav txim zoo ntawm lub zog. Lub philosophical mus kom ze ntawm George yog hais tias lub zog yuav ua tsis tau ywj siab ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm. Tsis tsuas yog lub tswvyim twb criticized los ntawm lub philosopher, tab sis kuj muaj ntau lwm yam Newton qeb.

Noteworthy yog tseem ob tug lwm tej hauj lwm Berkeley kev sib tham ntawm Freethinkers "Alciphron" thiab philosophical sib cam txog qhov ib cov dej, qhov chaw uas nws seb puas tsimnyog tau rau lo lus nug ntawm kev kho mob siv ib thiab retreats mus rau cov dawb paub daws teeb philosophical thiab Theological xwm.

tsev neeg

Tus poj niam ntawm lub philosopher yog Anna Förster - av ntxhais (nws tus txiv yog ib tug Irish zoo tshaj plaws tus kws txiav txim ntawm controversies). Nws yog ib nqi sau cia ib qho yooj yim, tus phooj ywg thiab zoo siab ua cim los ntawm George. Nws twb hlub los ntawm cov phooj ywg thiab cov acquaintances. Nws saib xyuas yog sai Foundling tsev kho mob, nrhiav tau ib tug muaj koob muaj npe charter. Tus poj niam yug nws xya cov me nyuam. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov hnub, ntau cov me nyuam tsis tau ciaj sia rau neeg laus, cov muaj hnub nyoog ntawm yog vim li cas ntawm tus kab mob. Thaum Berkeley, ciaj tsuas yog peb, thiab tus so tau tuag lawm.

Thaum Dzhordzh Berkli tau txais ib qho qub txeeg qub teg, nws ua ib lub tswv yim tsim kom muaj nyob rau hauv Bermuda tsev kawm ntawv uas pagans tau hloov dua siab tshiab rau cov ntseeg txoj kev ntseeg. Thawj lub hom phiaj twb xav txais thiab pom zoo los ntawm lub Parliament thiab kev txhawb los ntawm lub aristocratic voj voog. Txawm li cas los, thaum ib tug tub txib nrog nws associates mus rau cov kob, nws twb maj tsis nco qab lawm. Thiab tsis muaj txaus nyiaj pab tus paub txog-philosopher tau mus nres cov tub txib. Maj mam, nws yuav ncaim nws ua lag ua luam thiab siv sij hawm ntau nrog nws tus tub. Dzhordzh Berkli nyob rau caum xya xyoo thiab tuag nyob rau hauv 1752. Nyob rau hauv nws yawm npe hu ua cov nroog Berkeley nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm lub xeev ntawm America - California.

ontology Berkeley

Los ntawm cov poj philosopher philosophy ntau xav, xws li Kant thiab Hume. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb, uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv lawv cov views ntawm Berkeley, yog qhov tseem ceeb uas kov tus ntsuj plig thiab nws cov dluab tsim. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, tej kev xaav ntawm qhov teeb meem yog tshwm sim ntawm lub xaav ntawm nws cov tib neeg ntsuj plig. Nws lub ntsiab lus qhuab qhia yog lub hom phiaj ntawm subjective idealism, "Muaj cia li kuv thiab kuv piav thoob hlo xaav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Teeb meem tsis muaj nyob, muaj tsuas yog kuv subjective xaav ntawm nws. Vajtswv xa, thiab generates tswv yim los ntawm cov uas ib tug neeg pom tau tias txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no .... "

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab ntawm lub philosopher ua ib ke - yog dab tsi. Ontology Berkeley - yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm solipsism. Raws li cov views Thinker hav zoov ntawm lwm yam da dej muaj "kawg" structuredness yog yuav tsuas plausible inference, uas protrude analogy puag.

inconsistent views

Txawm li cas los, cov lus qhia ntawm lub philosopher cai ib co inconsistency. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv tib lub substance, "Kuv", nws siv lub tib lub cov lus rau cov critics ntawm cov khoom thiab cov pov thawj ntawm lub indivisibility thiab kev sib sau ntawm thaum pib. Txawm li cas los, nws successor, Devid Yum muaj kev cov tswv yim no nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav, qhov uas nws raug kev txom nyem ib lub ntsiab ntawm qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv sab ntsuj plig tivthaiv: tus neeg "Kuv" - yog ib tug "lub nras uas to taub." Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua tsis txhob tawg tam sim ntawd los ntawm cov materialist saib, thaum koj kawm txog cov hauj lwm uas tau sau cov philosopher Dzhordzh Berkli.

Quotes theologian thiab txawj xav txhawb tus xav li cas ntawm nyob mus ib txhis, thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Vajtswv nyob rau hauv ib tug lub neej, nws nyob tos rau lub hwjchim loj kawg nkaus. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws ntsib ib co contradictions thiab inconsistencies nyob rau hauv lub Berkeley cov ntaub ntawv, raws li hais tawm nyob rau hauv lub tseem ceeb heev hais txog ntawm ntau philosophers.

Continental thiab lub philosophy ntawm Berkeley

Berkeley tuaj mus rau lub xaus hais txog lub neej ntawm Vajtswv, uas tsuas ua nws lub siab nyiam nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tus neeg lub souls. Raws li nws, tus txiv neej tsis muaj hwj chim tshaj koj txoj kev xav, txawm hais tias nws nkawd hais tias txoj kev. Tom qab tag nrho, yog ib tug neeg qhib nws lub qhov muag thiab pom lub teeb - nws tsis yog nyob ntawm seb nws lub siab nyiam, los yog hnov ib tug noog - qhov no tsis yog nws siab nyiam. Nws yuav tsis xaiv ntawm "zeem muag" thiab "tsis pom", uas txhais tau hais tias yog lwm yuav, ib tug ntau dua theem, uas ua txoj kev xav thiab ncus rau ib tug neeg.

Kawm tej hauj lwm uas sau Dzhordzh Berkli, ib co kev soj ntsuam tuaj mus rau lub xaus (uas, li cas los xij, yog tsis tau kiag li paub tseeb hais tias, tab sis lawv muaj ib tug cai nyob ua ib ke) hais tias cov views ntawm lub philosopher yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev tshawb xav ntawm Malebranche. Qhov no ua rau nws tau xav txog D. Berkley Irish Cartesian, tsis muaj cov empiricism nyob rau hauv nws qhia. Txij li thaum 1977 nyob rau hauv Ireland luam tawm Bulletin magazine nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus poj philosopher.

Keeb kwm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv philosophy

Qhia uas hais tias tshuav ib tug Dzhordzh Berkli, biography txawj xav - tag nrho cov no yog ib yam uas zoo txaus siab thiab tus nqi rau lub keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm philosophy. Nws lub hom phiaj muab ib tug tshiab impetus, ib tug tshiab kauv ntawm kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm philosophical thought. Schopenhauer considers lub merits ntawm Berkeley immortal thiab hu nws tus txiv ntawm idealism. Thomas Reid kuj ntev lawm nyob rau hauv tus ntawm philosophy qhia los ntawm Dzhordzh Berkli. Lub ntsiab ntawm lub philosopher yuav kawm ntau tshaj ib tiam ntawm xav. Txawm li cas los, muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv, nrog rau Thomas Reid, ces pib thuam lawv.

Berkeley lus qhuab qhia muaj nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv on philosophy li ib tug empirical views. Txawm tias ib tug cim ntawm philosophers yuav qhuas los ntawm nws kev tshawb xav thiab ces coj mus rau tsim los yog tsis pom zoo nws. Cov feem nrov ntawm nws views tau nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ntau Slavic lub teb chaws, nws lub tswv yim muaj lawm ncua thiab tau noj ib tug tsim nyog ntawm cov uas zoo sib xws tej hauj lwm.